BSC 2086 01 Anatomy and Physiology II Spring 2013 12 The Lymphatic System Part II 2012 Pearson Education Inc An Introduction to the Lymphatic System and Immunity Learning Outcomes 22 2 Identify the major components of the lymphatic system describe the structure and functions of each component and discuss the importance of lymphocytes 22 3 List the body s innate nonspecific defenses and describe the components mechanisms and functions of each 2012 Pearson Education Inc An Introduction to the Lymphatic System and Immunity Learning Outcomes 22 4 Define adaptive specific defenses identify the forms and properties of immunity and distinguish between cell mediated cellular immunity and antibody mediated humoral immunity 22 5 Discuss the types of T cells and their roles in the immune response and describe the mechanisms of T cell activation and differentiation 2012 Pearson Education Inc An Introduction to the Lymphatic System and Immunity Learning Outcomes 22 6 Discuss the mechanisms of B cell activation and differentiation describe the structure and function of antibodies and explain the primary and secondary responses to antigen exposure 22 7 List and explain examples of immune disorders and allergies 22 8 Describe the effects of aging on the lymphatic system and the immune response 2012 Pearson Education Inc 22 2 Structures of Body Defenses The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses Body defenses provide resistance to fight infection illness and disease Two categories of defenses 1 Innate nonspecific defenses 2 Adaptive specific defenses 2012 Pearson Education Inc 22 2 Structures of Body Defenses 1 Innate Nonspecific Defenses Nonspecific resistance Always work the same way Against any type of invading agent 2 Adaptive Specific Defenses Specific resistance immunity Develops after exposure to environmental hazards Protect against specific pathogens Depend on activities of lymphocytes 2012 Pearson Education Inc Seven Major Categories of Innate Nonspecific 22 3 Nonspecific Defenses Defenses 1 Physical barriers 2 Phagocytes 3 Immunological surveillance 4 Interferons 5 Complement 6 Inflammatory response 7 Fever 2012 Pearson Education Inc 22 3 Nonspecific Defenses 1 Physical Barriers 1 Phagocytes Keep hazardous materials outside the body Attack and remove dangerous microorganisms 1 Immunological Surveillance With natural killer cells NK cells Constantly monitors normal tissues 2012 Pearson Education Inc 22 3 Nonspecific Defenses 4 Interferons Chemical messengers that trigger production of antiviral proteins in normal cells Antiviral proteins Do not kill viruses Block replication in cell 5 Complement System of circulating proteins found in blood Assists antibodies in destruction of pathogens 2012 Pearson Education Inc 22 3 Nonspecific Defenses 6 Inflammatory Response Localized tissue level response that tends to limit spread of injury or infection 7 Fever A high body temperature Increases body metabolism Accelerates defenses Inhibits some viruses and bacteria 2012 Pearson Education Inc Figure 22 11 Innate Defenses Part 1 of 2 Innate Defenses Physical barriers keep hazardous organisms and materials outside the body Phagocytes engulf pathogens and cell debris Immunological surveillance is the destruction of abnormal cells by NK cells in peripheral tissues Interferons are chemical messengers that coordinate the defenses against viral infections 2012 Pearson Education Inc Duct of eccrine sweat gland Hair Secretions Epithelium Fixed macrophage Neutrophil macrophage Eosinophil Monocyte Free Natural killer cell Lysed abnormal cell Interferons released by activated lymphocytes macrophages or virus infected cells Figure 22 11 Innate Defenses Part 2 of 2 Innate Defenses Complement system consists of circulating proteins that assist antibodies in the destruction of pathogens Inflammatory response is a localized tissue level response that tends to limit the spread of an injury or infection Fever is an elevation of body temperature that accelerates tissue metabolism and the activity of defenses 2012 Pearson Education Inc Lysed pathogen Complement 1 Blood flow increased 2 Phagocytes activated 3 Capillary permeability increased 4 Complement activated 5 Clotting reaction walls off region 6 Regional temperature increased 7 Adaptive defenses activated Mast cell Body temperature rises above 37 2 C in response to pyrogens 22 3 Nonspecific Defenses 1 Physical Barriers Outer layer of skin Hair Epithelial layers of internal passageways Secretions that flush away materials Sweat glands mucus and urine Secretions that kill or inhibit microorganisms Enzymes lysozymes antibodies and stomach acid 2012 Pearson Education Inc 22 3 Nonspecific Defenses 2 Two Classes of Phagocytes 1 Microphages Neutrophils and eosinophils Leave the bloodstream Enter peripheral tissues to fight infections 2 Macrophages Large phagocytic cells derived from monocytes Distributed throughout body Make up monocyte macrophage system 2012 Pearson Education Inc 22 3 Nonspecific Defenses Activated Macrophages Respond to pathogens in several ways Engulf pathogen and destroy it with lysosomal enzymes Bind to pathogen so other cells can destroy it Destroy pathogen by releasing toxic chemicals into interstitial fluid 2012 Pearson Education Inc 22 3 Nonspecific Defenses Movement and Phagocytosis All macrophages Move through capillary walls emigration Are attracted or repelled by chemicals in surrounding fluids chemotaxis positive attract negative repel Phagocytosis begins When phagocyte attaches to target adhesion And surrounds it with a vesicle 2012 Pearson Education Inc 22 3 Nonspecific Defenses 3 Immunological Surveillance Is carried out by natural killer NK cells Activated NK Cells 1 Identify and attach to abnormal cell nonselective 2 Golgi apparatus in NK cell forms perforin vesicles 3 Vesicles release by exocytosis proteins called perforins 4 Perforins lyse abnormal plasma membrane Also attack cancer cells and cells infected with viruses 2012 Pearson Education Inc Figure 22 12 How Natural Killer Cells Kill Cellular Targets Step 1 Recognition and Adhesion NK cellGolgi apparatus Realignment of Golgi apparatus Abnormal cell 2012 Pearson Education Inc Figure 22 12 How Natural Killer Cells Kill Cellular Targets Step 3 Secretion of Perforin Lysis of Abnormal Cell Perforin molecules Pores formed by perforin complex NK cell Abnormal cell 2012 Pearson Education Inc 22 3 Nonspecific Defenses Immunological Surveillance Cancer cells with tumor specific antigens
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