Exam 2 Study Guide Lesson 5 6 components 1 What are the components of the cardiovascular system and what is the role of each of those A pump the heart A conducting system blood vessels A fluid medium blood o Specialized fluid connective tissue Contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix 2 What is the function and characteristics of blood What is blood composed of What are the formed elements What is plasma composed of What is the difference between plasma serum and interstitial fluid Blood o Transports materials to and from cells It contains Oxygen and carbon dioxide Nutrients Hormones Waste products Immune system components o Characteristics 38oC 100 4oF normal temperature High Viscosity Caused by dissolved proteins in formed elements 5x more viscous than water Volume is 7 of body weight Male 5 6 liters Female 4 5 liters Loss of 10 of blood will cause a decrease in BP Slightly alkaline 7 35 7 45 Functions o Transportation of dissolved substances o Regulation of pH and ions o Restriction of fluid losses at injury sites o Defense against toxins and pathogens o Stabilization of body temperature Components o Plasma fluid component Water Dissolved plasma proteins Other solutes o Formed elements All cells and solids Includes platelets Formed Elements o Red blood cells RBS or Erythrocytes Transport oxygen o White blood cells WBCs or Leukocytes Part of the immune system o Platelets Plasma Cell fragments involved in clothing o Makes up 50 60 of blood volume o More than 90 of it is water o Contains extracellular fluids Interstitial fluids and plasma Exchanges water ions and small solutes across capillary walls Serum o Liquid part of a blood sample Produced when dissolved fibrinogen has converted to solid fibrin which is removed Serum lacks clotting proteins and Ca2 removed from clotting process 3 What are some proteins found in plasma Where are they made Plasma Proteins o Albumins 60 Transport substances such as fatty acids thyroid hormones and steroid hormes o Globulins 35 Antibodies also called immunoglobins Transport globulins small molecules hormone binding proteins metalloproteins apolipoproteins lipoproteins and steroid binding proteins o Fibrinogen 4 Molecules that form clots and produce long insoluble strands of fibrin o More than 90 of plasma proteins made in liver o Antibodies made by plasma cells activated B lymphocytes o Peptide hormones made by endocrine organs 4 What is the function and characteristics of a red blood cell Why is the shape of a red blood cell important to its function Red Blood Cells o Characteristics The average adult has 25 trillion RBC 1 3 of all cells in human body Transport oxygen through blood Make up 99 9 of blood s formed elements o Shape High surface to volume ratio Small and highly specialized discs Thin in middle and thicker at edge Quickly absorbs and releases oxygen Discs form stacks called rouleaux Smooth the flow through narrow blood vessels Discs bend and flex entering small capillaries 7 8 micrometer RBC passes through 4 micrometer capillary 4 What is hemoglobin Hb Why is it important to the function of erythrocytes Why is iron important What happens if there isn t enough dietary iron What is the difference between fetal Hb adult Hb and Hb found in people with sickle cell anemia Hemoglobin respiratory gases o The protein molecule that gives whole blood its color functions to transport Binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide Normal hemoglobin for males 14 18 g dL whole blood Normal hemoglobin for females 12 16 g dL blood o Functions Carries oxygen from lungs to peripheral tissues At tissues with low oxygen peripheral capillaries Hemoglobin releases oxygen Binds CO2 and carries it to lungs o Structure Complex quaternary structure 2 alpha subunits 2 beta subunits o When bound to CO2 from carbaminohemoglobin Four globular protein subunits Each with one molecule of heme Each heme contains one iron ion The iron ion o Associate easily with oxygen oxyhemoglobin o Dissociate easily from oxygen deoxyhemoglobin o Iron Any impairment in iron uptake or metabolism can cause serious clinical problems because RBC formation will be affected Iron deficiency anemia which results from a lack of iron in the diet or from problems with iron absorption is one example Too much iron can also cause problems due to excessive buildup in secondary storage sites such as the liver and cardiac muscle tissue Excessive iron deposition in cardiac muscle cells has been linked to heart disease o Fetal Hemoglobin o Sickle Cell Anemia Strong form of hemoglobin found in embryos Takes oxygen from mothers hemoglobin Binds oxygen more readily than does the hemoglobin of adults Caused by mutation of an amino acid in beta chain of hemoglobin Low O2 cause mutated Hb to alter RBC shape making it stiff easily damaged Change in shape also causes it to block narrow capillaries 5 What is the difference between oxyhemoglobin deoxyhemoglobin and carbaminohemoglobin What are the various blood conditions and diseases For instance what is the difference between iron deficiency anemia and pernicious anemia Oxyhemoglobin HbO2 o Iron ions associated with oxygen Deoxyhemoglobin o Iron ions dissociated from oxygen Carbaminohemoglobin o Hemoglobin bound to CO2 Blood conditions and diseases o Anemia Decreased RBC count Types of anemia Iron deficiency caused by lack of iron Sickle cell RBC have abnormal shape causing decreased O2 carrying ability Aplastic bone marrow produces too few RBC s Pernicious reduced RBC production due to lack of vitamin B12 6 Why does a red blood cell last up to 120 days How is it destroyed What happens during that process What is recycled How are those items recycled Cell life ribosomes o RBC only live for 120 days because they L lack nuclei mitochondria and o Can t repair itself and utilizes anaerobic metabolism for energy o Formation and turnover 1 of circulating RBCs wear out per day About 3 million RBCs per second Turnover and formation usually matched o Hemoglobin Conversion and Recycling Macrophages of liver spleen and bone marrow Monitor RBCs Engulf RBCs before membranes rupture hemolyze Phagocytes break hemoglobin into components Globular proteins to break down into amino acids o Heme to biliverdin o Iron recycled o Breakdown of Biliverdin Biliverdin green is converted to bilirubin yellow Bilirubin transported to liver for excretion in bile Jaundice yellowish skin and sclera color is caused by bilirubin buildup Bilirubin is processed further by intestinal bacteria
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