BSC2086 A P II Exam 2 Study Guide Lesson 5 6 Blood Blood and the Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular system consists of o Pump the heart o Conducting system blood vessels o Fluid medium blood Specialized fluid connective tissue Contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix Blood Transports materials to and from cells Contains o Oxygen O2 carbon dioxide CO2 o Nutrients o Hormones o o Waste products Immune system components Important functions of Blood o Transportation of dissolved substances o Regulation of pH ions o Restriction of fluid losses at injury sites o Defense against toxins pathogens Clotting WBCs o Stabilization of body temperature Components of Whole Blood o Plasma fluid component Consists of Water Dissolved plasma proteins Other solutes o Formed elements all cells solids 1 BSC2086 A P II Exam 2 Study Guide Three 3 Types of Formed Elements o Red Blood Cells RBCs Erythrocytes Transport oxygen o White Blood Cells WBCs Leukocytes Part of the immune system o Platelets Cell fragments involved in clotting Hemopoiesis Process of producing formed elements o Created from myeloid lymphoid stem cells Fractionation Process of separating whole blood for clinical analysis by centrifugation o Separated into plasma formed elements o Buffy Coat Thin coat of platelets white blood cells found between RBC pellet and plasma Three 3 General Characteristics of Blood o 38 C 100 4 F normal temperature o High viscosity 5 times more viscous than water Viscosity caused by dissolved proteins formed elements o Slightly alkaline basic pH 7 35 7 45 Blood volume liters 7 of body weight kilograms o Adult male 5 6 liters 5 3 6 4 quarts o Adult female 4 5 liters 4 2 5 3 quarts o Loss of 10 of blood volume will cause a decrease in blood pressure Plasma Composition o Makes up 50 60 of blood volume o More than 90 of plasma is water 2 BSC2086 A P II Exam 2 Study Guide o Extracellular fluids Interstitial fluid IF plasma Materials plasma IF exchange across capillary walls Water Ions Small solutes Plasma Proteins o Albumins 60 Transport substances like fatty acids thyroid hormones steroid hormones o Globulins Immunoglobulins 35 Antibodies Transport Globulins Small molecules Hormone binding proteins Metalloproteins Apolipoproteins lipoproteins Steroid binding proteins Inactive plasma protein Molecules that form clots produce long insoluble strands of o Fibrinogen 4 fibrin o Other proteins 1 Changing quantities of specialized plasma proteins Peptide hormones normally present in circulating blood Insulin Prolactin PRL Glycoproteins o Thyroid Stimulating Hormone TSH o Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH o Luteinizing Hormone LH o Origins of plasma proteins More than 90 made in liver Antibodies made my plasma cells activated B lymphocytes Peptide hormones made by endocrine organs Serum Liquid part of a blood sample o Produced when dissolved fibrinogen has converted to solid fibrin which is removed o Serum lacks clotting proteins and Ca2 They re used up during the clotting process Red Blood Cells RBCs make up 99 9 of blood s formed elements o Average adult has 25 trillion RBCs 1 3 of all cells in human body Hemoglobin Hb The protein molecule that gives whole blood its color functions to transport respiratory gases o Binds and transports oxygen carbon dioxide o Normal hemoglobin adult male 14 18 g dL whole blood 3 BSC2086 A P II Exam 2 Study Guide 1 dL 100 o Normal hemoglobin adult female 12 16 g dL whole blood o Hemoglobin Structure Complex quaternary structure Four 4 globular protein subunits 2 alpha subunits 2 beta subunits Each with one molecule of heme Each heme contains one 1 iron ion The iron ion HbO2 o Associates easily with oxygen oxyhemoglobin o Dissociates easily from oxygen deoxyhemoglobin o Fetal Hemoglobin Strong form of hemoglobin found in embryos Takes oxygen from mother s hemoglobin o Thalassemia Inability to produce enough Hb subunits Causes reduction of RBC production and fragile short lived RBCs Affects development growth If severe may require periodic blood transfusions or treatment by converting adult Hb fetal Hb with hydroxyurea or butyrate Red Blood Cell Count The number of RBCs in 1 microliter of whole blood Hematocrit Packed Cell Volume PCV Percentage of RBCs in centrifuged o Males 4 5 6 3 million o Females 4 2 5 5 million whole blood o RBC volume total volume o Males 40 54 o Females 37 47 4 BSC2086 A P II Exam 2 Study Guide Structure of RBCs o Small highly specialized discs o Thin in middle thicker at edge Three 3 Important Effects of RBC Shape on Function o High surface to volume ratio Quickly absorb release oxygen o Discs form stacks called rouleaux Smooth the flow through narrow blood vessels o Discs bend flex entering small capillaries 7 8 m RBC passes through 4 m capillary Sickle Cell Anemia Caused by mutation of an amino acid in beta chain of o Low oxygen cause mutated Hb to alter RBC shape making it stiff easily hemoglobin damaged o Change in shape also causes it to block narrow capillaries o Can be treated with the same methods used to treat thalassemia Life Span of RBCs o Lack nuclei mitochondria and ribosomes o Can t repair and utilizes anaerobic metabolism for energy 5 BSC2086 A P II Exam 2 Study Guide o Last about 120 days o 1 of circulating RBCs wear out per day 3 million RBCs per second o Turnover formation usually matched Hemoglobin Conversion and Recycling o Macrophages of liver spleen bone marrow monitor RBCs Engulf RBCs before membranes rupture hemolyze o Phagocytes break hemoglobin into components Globular proteins break down into amino acids Heme broken down to biliverdin organic green colored compound Bad bruises look greenish because of biliverdin formation in blood filled tissues Biliverdin green converted to bilirubin yellow o Bilirubin transported to liver for excretion in bile o Processed further by intestinal bacteria o Some processed into urobilinogens and excreted in o Jaundice Yellowish skin sclera color caused by urine bilirubin buildup Occurs if bile ducts are blocked or liver can t absorb excrete bilirubin and circulating amounts in blood increase Iron removed from heme leaving biliverdin Binds to transport proteins transferrin and delivered to red bone marrow to synthesize new Hb o Large quantities of free iron toxic to cells Excess transferrin removed by liver spleen Iron transferred to storage proteins o Ferretin hemosiderin Iron recycling o Hemoglobinuria Hemoglobin breakdown products in urine due to excess hemolysis in bloodstream o Hematuria Whole red
View Full Document
Unlocking...