Mastering A&PAssignment 7: The Respiratory SystemWhich of the following structures or organs is NOT part of the upper respiratory system?The larynx. (The nasal conchae, pharynx, internal nares are part of the URS)What is the name of the respiratory tract passageway that leads directly into each lung?The BronchusWhich of the following serves as a passageway for BOTH food or liquids and air?The pharynxParticulate matter in the inhaled air is trapped by the epithelial mucus.Which of these is not a function of the respiratory system?To transport RBCs to the tissues (Functions: To exchange gaseswith the atmosphere, to protect against environmental hazards, and to ventilate the air spacesAs air moves from the nasal cavity to the glottis it passes through the pharynx in this order, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx.The "Adam's apple" is part of the thyroid cartilage.The posterior tracheal wall contacts the esophagus.1Anatomy of the TracheaElastic fibers ensure the recoil of the lungs during expirationFeatures visible on the surface of the lung include all of these except parietal pleura. (Include: Fissures, visceral pleura, lobes)The correct arrangement of gas exchange structures from largest to smallest is respiratory bronchiole; alveolar duct; alveolar sac; alveolus.2If the production of surfactant by type II alveolar cells (septal cells) is inadequate, which of these changes is expected?Respiratory distress syndrome, increased inspiratory effort, alveolar collapse.External respiration includes all of these processes except release of carbon dioxide by tissue cells. (includes: gas transport, breathing, and gas diffusion across respiratory membrane.)CO2 has a greater partial pressure in the pulmonary capillaries than in the alveoli, so it diffuses into the alveoliCO2 diffuses along its partial pressure gradient from the pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli until equilibrium is reached.Which gas law explains why there is as much CO2 exchanged between thealveoli and blood as there is O2 exchanged, despite the fact that the partialpressure difference is so much smaller for CO2?Henry’s law. Henry’s law explains that solubility and partial pressures determine how well a gas will dissolve in a liquid. Because CO2 is very soluble in blood, it does not require as large a pressure gradient as O2.How would the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 change in an exercising muscle?The partial pressure of O2 would decrease, and the partial pressure of CO2 would increase because cells use O2 and produce CO2 during cellular respiration to produce ATP. Exercising muscles need more ATP.Which way would O2 and CO2 diffuse during internal respiration?O2 would diffuse into the cells, and CO2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries. The PO2 would be higher in the systemic capillaries, and the PCO2 would be higher in the tissues.3Internal and external respiration depends on several factors. Which of the following is NOT an important factor in gas exchange?The molecular weight of the gas (Factors: Partial pressure of the gases, rate of blood flow through the tissue)Volume of air within the lung as respiratory movements are preformedAll these muscles participate in inspiration except internal intercostals. (Participants: external intercostal, scalenes, diaphragm.)Boyle's law states gas pressure is inversely proportional to volume.Which of these does not contribute to vital capacity?Residual Volume (Inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume contribute to vital capacity)4No air is moving in or out of the lungs in this image. Which of the following describes the pressures of the atmosphere ("P outside") and the lungs ("P inside")?P inside = P outside. Air moves from high pressure to low pressure; when pressures are equal, air will not flow.The difference in partial pressure of carbon dioxide between venous and arterial blood is about 5mmHg.Which of these changes will decrease the effectiveness of gas exchange across the respiratory membrane?Increased thickness of the respiratory membrane (To increase: Increase number of alveoli, increase difference in partial pressures)Key Events in Gas ExchangeWhich of the following would be the oxygen pressure entering, and leaving,this capillary?Entering Po2 95 mm Hg, leaving Po2 40 mm Hg. Oxygen pressure drops from 95 to 40 mm Hg in a typical systemic capillaryDuring inhalation, the diaphragm and rib muscles contract allowing air to enter the lungs.5From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood? AlveoliWhich statement is correct?In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found inred blood cells. When oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the surrounding capillaries, it enters a red blood cell and binds to hemoglobin.Hemoglobin is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygenWhich of these contributes to effective gas exchange?Small diffusion distances, high gas permeability, large surface areaIf the hemoglobin molecules in a blood sample each had a single oxygen molecule bound to it on average, the saturation is 25%.As blood flows through a capillary, the pH drops as carbon dioxide enters; this, in turn, leads the hemoglobin to release some of its oxygen. Are thesetwo statements true or false? TrueWhere is more than 70 percent of the carbon dioxide carried in the blood?In the plasma, as dissolved CO2 or HCO3 - Dissolved CO2 accounts for 7 percent, and approximately 70 percent is converted to bicarbonate in RBCs and exchanged with chloride to move into the plasma.Most oxygen is transported in the blood stream while it is bound to hemoglobin.Which class of sensory receptor can modify respiratory reflexes?Nociceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors.6The respiratory centers are located in both the medulla oblongata and the pons.The basic pattern of breathing is established by the dorsal respiratory group located in the medulla oblongataThe respiratory system has very extensive connections with the cardiovascular system.7Assignment 8: The Digestive SystemWhich of these is an accessory organ of digestion?The liver. The salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are not part of the digestive tract, but they have a role in digestive activities and are considered accessory organsWhich of these effects on digestion is not produced by the parasympathetic nervous system?Decreased acid secretion (Parasym. Effects: increased peristalsis, mucus secretion, and production saliva)The large intestine
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