BSC2086 A P II Final Exam You Should Be Able To Questions Lesson 19 The Urinary System Part I Describe the structures of the urinary system and explain their function The two kidneys perform the excretory functions produce urine The urinary tract consisting of paired tubes called ureters carries urine to the urinary bladder The urinary bladder is a muscular sac where urine is stored temporarily The urethra conducts urine to the exterior Explain the function of the urinary system The major functions of the urinary system are Excretion the removal of organic waste products from body fluids Elimination discharge of these waste products Homeostatic regulation of blood volume solute concentration of blood plasma Explain how the urinary system maintains homeostasis within the body The homeostatic functions of the urinary system are Regulating blood volume blood pressure o Adjusts the volume of water lost in urine o Releases erythropoietin renin Regulating plasma ion concentrations o Na K Cl etc o Ca2 through synthesis of calcitriol Helps stabilize blood pH o Controls loss of H bicarbonate ions in urine Conserving valuable nutrients o Prevents loss in urine o Removes organic wastes urea uric acid Assisting the liver o Detoxifies poisons o Deaminates amino acids during starvation Describe the anatomy of the kidney Kidneys protected and stabilized by three concentric layers of connective tissue Fibrous Capsule innermost layer Perinephric Fat Capsule middle layer Renal Fascia outermost layer Structures of the Kidneys include 1 BSC2086 A P II Final Exam You Should Be Able To Questions Hilum Medial indentation that is the point of entry for the renal artery renal nerves Renal Sinus Internal cavity within the kidney Renal Cortex Superficial portion of the kidney Renal Medulla Inner portion of kidney consisting of renal pyramids Renal Pyramids Triangular structures within the medulla Renal Papilla Region with ducts that projects into the renal sinus Renal Columns Bands of cortical tissue that separate adjacent renal pyramids Renal Lobe Consists of a renal pyramid renal cortex and tissues of adjacent renal columns Minor Calyx Cup shaped drain Major Calyx Made up of 4 5 minor calyces Renal Pelvis Large funnel shaped chamber connected to the ureter Describe the blood supply to the kidneys Renal artery Segmental arteries Interlobar arteries Arcuate arteries Cortical radiate interlobular arteries Afferent arterioles Glomerulus efferent arteriole Peritubular capillaries Venules Cortical radiate interlobular veins Arcuate veins Interlobar veins Renal vein 2 BSC2086 A P II Final Exam You Should Be Able To Questions Explain the function of the renal nerves The renal nerves function to Adjust rate of urine formation by changing blood flow blood pressure at the nephron Stimulate the release of renin which restricts losses of water and salt in the urine by stimulating reabsorption at the nephron Describe the structure of the nephron and explain its function Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney They are small structures that consist of a renal corpuscle a renal tubule What is found in the renal corpuscle The renal corpuscle consists of Glomerular Bowman s Capsule Cup shaped chamber Glomerulus Capillary network Explain the difference between the renal tubule and the glomerulus 3 BSC2086 A P II Final Exam You Should Be Able To Questions The glomerulus is capillary network that projects into the glomerular capsule and filters the blood delivered to the kidneys The renal tubule is a long tubular passageway that functions to reabsorb organic nutrients water and secrete some waste products that were not filtered out by the glomerulus Explain where filtration reabsorption and secretion take place on the nephron What is filtered reabsorbed and or secreted Filtration takes place in the renal corpuscle Glomerulus filters blood Produces filtrate Reabsorption takes place in the renal tubule Proximal convolute tubule reabsorbs water ions all organic nutrients Distal convoluted tubule reabsorbs water sodium ions calcium ions Loop of Henle reabsorbs water sodium ions chloride ions Secretion takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct Secretes ions acids drugs toxins Explain the difference between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons Cortical Nephrons 85 of nephrons Located within superficial cortex of kidney Loop of Henle short Efferent arteriole delivers blood to network of peritubular capillaries Juxtamedullary Nephrons 15 of nephrons Loop of Henle long extends deep Peritubular capillaries connect to vasa into medulla recta Describe the function of the renal corpuscle The renal corpuscle is responsible for the process of filtration and produces filtrate Describe the function of the proximal convoluted tubule What structures of the cells found here assist in reabsorption The cuboidal epithelial cells with microvilli of the proximal convoluted tubule assist in the reabsorption of Organic nutrients Ions Water Plasma proteins Describe the function of the loop of Henle What is reabsorbed in the descending limb What is reabsorbed in the ascending limb 4 BSC2086 A P II Final Exam You Should Be Able To Questions The loop of Henle reabsorbs water and ions The descending limb functions in water reabsorption The ascending limb functions in sodium chloride ion reabsorption Describe the function of the distal convoluted tubule Which substances are reabsorbed here How is this regulated Which substances are secreted The distal convoluted tubule both reabsorbs secretes substances Selective reabsorption of water o Regulated by ADH Selective reabsorption of sodium calcium ions from tubular fluid o Sodium reabsorption is regulated by aldosterone o Calcium reabsorption is regulated by PTH calcitriol Active secretion of ions acids drugs toxins into the tubule Describe the function of the collecting system The collecting system functions to transport tubular fluid from the nephron to the renal pelvis adjust the fluid s composition and to determine the final osmotic concentration and volume of urine Which hormones can affect the function of the collecting duct Aldosterone controls sodium reabsorption in the collecting duct Antidiuretic Hormone ADH controls water reabsorption in the collecting duct Describe the juxtaglomerular complex and its role in regulating blood pressure volume The juxtaglomerular complex JGC is an endocrine structure that secretes the hormone erythropoietin and
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