The renal arteries deliver the components of urine to the kidney; the urine formed there is carried to the outside by the ureters. Are these two statements true or false?The first statement is true; the second is false.The kidney does all of these except secreting excess albumin.The Kidney: Regulates plasma electrolytes, blood volume, and stabilizes blood pHWhich of these organs is not part of the urinary system? The VaginaComponents of the Urinary System: Urethra, Urinary bladder, and UreterWhich of the following is NOT associated with the renal hilum?Urethra, The urethra drains urine from the urinary bladder, not from the kidney.Associates: Ureter, Renal artery, Renal nervesThe step in kidney function where fluid is forced out of the blood is from glomerulus to glomerular capsulePodocytes provide structural reinforcement of capillary walls without impeding the flow of filtrate.The medial indentation on the exterior of the kidney were the ureter exits is called the hilum.Each conical, dark structure within the renal medulla is a renal pyramid.Blood is supplied to a nephron by its afferent arteriolesThe urinary filtrate first enters the glomerular (Bowman) capsule.Urine flows first from the papilla to the minor calyces.Which of the labels in the figure is not considered part of a nephron?The structure labeled D (The collecting and papillary duct are part of the Collecting System)Which section of the nephron performs MOST of the glucose and water reabsorption?Proximal Convoluted tubuleWhich section of the nephron filters blood plasma?Renal CorpuscleTrue or false? The nephron loop does NOT do any secretion.TrueWhich of the following structures consist of specialized cells that secrete renin when glomerular blood pressure falls?Juxtaglomerular complexWhich section of the renal tubules is connected to the glomerular capsule?Proximal Convoluted TubuleOf what type of epithelium is the outer capsular epithelium of the glomerular capsule made?Simple squamous epitheliumOne of the organic substances not normally excreted by the kidney is glucose.The proximal convoluted tubule, labeled B, reabsorbs 99-100 percent of organic substrates.A decrease in blood albumin level will cause a decrease in blood colloid osmotic pressure; this will lead to a rise in the net glomerular filtration pressure. Are these two statements true or false?Both statements are trueWhich of these effects is not produced by sympathetic activation?Increased glomerular filtration rateEffects: Altered regional blood flow, vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole, and renin releaseWhich of the choices below best describes the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?The volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute. Fluid and small solutes that leave the glomerulus are collectively termed filtrate. Glomerular filtration produces approximately 125 ml of filtrate per minute.Which of the following best describes the passive force that creates filtrate?GHP, glomerular hydrostatic pressure.Filtration throughout the cardiovascular capillaries, including those in the kidney, is passively driven by hydrostatic pressure (i.e., blood pressure).What is the primary regulatory mechanism that maintains glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? Autoregulation, autoregulation (local blood flow regulation) by myogenic mechanisms maintains an adequate GFR despite changes in local blood pressure and blood flow.Which of the following GFR-regulating mechanisms is initiated by cells of the juxtaglomerular complex?Renin-angiotensin system.Renin is secreted by cells in the juxtaglomerular complex in response to a decrease in glomerular blood pressure, ultimately resulting in angiotensin II circulating in the blood. Activation of the renin-angiotensin system increases GFR.The myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation primarily involves smooth muscle in which blood vessels?Afferent arterioles.By regulating afferent arteriole diameter, the myogenic mechanism affects pressure inside the glomerulus, and therefore GFR. Under normal physiological conditions, this mechanism works to maintain GFR despite moderate changes in systemic blood pressure.In the event of a severe increase in systemic blood pressure, what mechanism would increase GFR?Release of ANP and BNP.ANP and BNP are released from the heart when an increase in blood pressure or volume stretches the walls of the heart. Both ANP and BNP increase GFR, which increases urine production and reduces blood volume and pressure.What enzyme is released by the juxtaglomerular complex to regulate GFR?Renin.Renin catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, a critical first step in the hormonal regulation of GFR during a low pressure event.Which of the choices below best describes the autonomic mechanism for regulating GFR?Sympathetic fibers override local controls to decrease the GFR.Sympathetic activity causes vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles to decrease GFR when there is an acute fall in blood pressure.The main force(s) opposing glomerular filtration is (are) blood colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressureWhich of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate?Blood cells and large particles.Both blood cells and large particles, such as proteins, are not allowed to filter through a healthy glomerular membrane.What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration?Hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure).The hydrostatic pressure of blood forces fluid out of the glomerular capillaries.Which substance would be found in higher concentration if the membrane were damaged?Proteins.They are not normally filtered by a healthy glomerular membrane.If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease?Net filtration would decrease because osmotic pressure opposes filtration, increasing osmotic pressure would decrease net filtrationCalculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg.25 mm Hg. 60 – (25 + 10) = 25 mm Hg.The two pressures that oppose filtration must be subtracted from the force favoring filtration.The macula densa forms part of the juxtaglomerular complex.Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes a decrease in urine volume but a increase in solute concentrationADH stimulates the reabsorption of water (dilute urine) from renal tubules,
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