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ANS 12 04 2015 1 What are the two major divisions of the ANS Parasympathetic rest and digest Sympathetic fight or flight 2 Name three tissue types that are innervated by the ANS Cardiac muscle smooth muscle and glands 3 What is the primary role of the ANS Regulate organs to maintain homeostasis 4 List the major organs that are innervated by the ANS Eyes salivary glands skin heart lungs stomach pancreas liver gall bladder adrenal gland bladder genitals 5 What affect does stimulation by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems have on the following processes Heart rate o P slows o S increases rate force of contraction Alertness and energy level Breathing rate o P decreases o S increases o P decreases o S increases Diameter of the bronchi o P constricts o S dilates Digestive action o P increases secretion o S decreases secretion Mobilization of energy reserves o P decreases o S decreases Pupil diameter Urination and defecation o P constricts o S dilates o P promotes o S inhibits Blood supply to striated muscle Saliva secretion o P increases o S decreases o P none o S blood vessels constricts dilate depends on muscle type location receptor type 6 How does regulation of target organ activity level by the ANS maintain homeostasis Example blood pressure o Baroreceptors in carotid artery are constantly monitoring BP Stimulated by increase in BP send info to cardiovascular centers in medulla dilate blood vessels and decrease heart rate decrease BP ANS regulates target organ activity by altering level of activity both divisions have control over the same target organ tissue unconscious motor reflexes relayed from organs and glands to 7 Define the following terms Dual innervation Autonomic reflex the CNS thru visceral afferent signaling Agonist Antagonist Endogenous ligand Neurotransmitter Hormone released thru blood drug that binds to a receptor and activates receptor drug that binds to a receptor and prevents receptor activation ligand produced by the body that binds a receptor released thru synapse 8 What is a ganglion In the ANS what neurotransmitter receptor combination found at the ganglia Ganglion area of cell bodies outside the CNS o Short axon preganglionic axon o Long axon postganglionic axon 9 Name the neurotransmitter released by parasympathetic post ganglionic neurons Name the receptor this NT binds to on effector organs Acetycholine ACH Receptor muscarinic cholinergic 10 Name the neurotransmitter released by sympathetic post ganglionic neurons Name the group of receptors this NT binds to on effector organs Norepinephrine NE Receptor adrenergic 11 Name the hormone released by the sympathetic NS and how release of these hormones is regulated by the hypothalamus Pre ganglionic cell innervates cells in the adrenal medulla o Stimulates releases of norepinephrine 20 and epinephrine 80 into the blood Hypothalamus controls release of hormones from the adrenal medulla Sympathetic only releases a hormone because it lasts longer travels through the whole body through the blood 12 Which areas of the CNS exert primary control over the ANS For each list the primary responses they are responsible for Limbic system emotional input Cerebral cortex conscious responses Hypothalamus overall all integration Endocrine system 12 04 2015 1 Provide a brief description for the following terms carries message from gland to effector target cell Hormone Neuroglandular junction Paracrine agent Tropic hormone Endocrine gland local signal acts within tissue not blood regulate the activity release of another hormone highly vascularized integrating center when a neuron innervates a gland 2 List 3 types stimuli that can cause hormone secretion provide an example of each 1 Humoral changes inextracellular fluid blood hormone release caused by altered levels of certain critical ions or nutrients o Ex stimulus decreases concentration of Ca2 in capillary blood response parathyroid glands secrete PTH increasing blood Ca2 2 Neural arrival of NT at neuroglandular junctions hormone release caused by neural input o Ex stimulus actions potentials in preganglionic sympathetic fibers to adrenal medulla response adrenal medulla cells secrete E NE 3 Hormonal arrival or removal of specific hormone hormone released caused by another hormone tropic hormone o Ex stimulus hormones from hypothalamus response anterior pituitary gland secretes hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones 3 The hypothalamus provides the main link between the nervous and endocrine systems describe 3 distinct methods by which the hypothalamus regulates the activities of the endocrine system provide an example of each 1 Control of sympathetic output to adrenal medulla 2 ADH and oxcytocin production 3 Secretion of regulatory hormones 4 Understand the role of the anterior pituitary gland as the master endocrine gland Many of the hormones released from the anterior pituitary regulate other hormones GH TSH and ACTH and the corresponding hypothalamic hormones that regulate the release of these anterior pituitary gland hormones 5 Some hormones not only act to stimulate target cell activity but may also inhibit their own secretion via negative feedback describe this process and provide an example Concept maps 6 Name 2 hormones released from the posterior pituitary gland ADH and oxytocin 7 How is oxytocin release regulated Neural stimulation back to hypothalamus to receive neural input 8 What is the role of oxytocin during labor Causes contraction of smooth muscle in the uterus 9 What is the role of growth hormone and IGFs in children Stimulates active bone growth 10 What could cause diseases such as gigantism acromegaly and dwarfism too much GH epiphyseal plate cartilage is not sealed too little GH Gigantism Dwarfism Acromegaly tissue 11 Briefly describe the structure and location of the thyroid gland Below hyoid bone 12 How are TH levels in the body regulated TH levels remain fairly constant Negative feedback loop Hypothalamus TRH anterior pituitary TSH thyroid gland TH o As TH levels increase it inhibits TRH and TSH o As TH levels decrease inhibition will be pulled away too much GH pronounced brow jawline large knuckles large soft 13 Thyroid hormone T3 consists of the amino acid called Thyronine and the element Iodine 14 Describe how TH increases metabolism Increases amount of oxygen and energy used 15 TH is considered a permissive hormone What does this term mean Explain how TH acts as a permissive hormone in the


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FSU BSC 2086 - Notes

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