FSU BSC 2086 - Lesson 2: Special Senses

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BSC2086 A&P II Final Exam “You Should Be Able To” Q’s – Cumulative Portion 1 Lesson 2: Special Senses  Describe the different special senses Olfaction is the sense of smell and involves the nasal cavity & associated structures Gustation is the sense of taste and involves the oral cavity & associated structures Vision is the sense of sight and involves the eyes & associated structures Equilibrium is the sense of balance and involves internal ear structures Hearing is the perception of sound and involves the ears & associated structures  Describe and explain the function of the different eye layers/tunics The fibrous layer is the outermost layer of the eye, consisting of the sclera and the cornea • The functions of the fibrous layer include: o Supporting & protecting o Serving as an attachment site for the extrinsic eye muscles o Containing structures that assist in the focusing process The vascular layer is the intermediate, pigmented layer that includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid • The functions of the vascular layer include: o Providing a route for blood vessels & lymphatics that supply the tissues of the eye o Regulating the amount of light that enters the eye o Secreting and reabsorbing the aqueous humor that circulates within chambers of the eye o Controlling the shape of the lens, which is essential to focusing The inner layer is the innermost layer, made up of an outer pigmented part and an inner neural part, and contains the retina and optic nerve • The pigmented part absorbs light and prevents rebounding of light • The neural part (retina) contains visual receptors and associated neurons that provide color and black and white vision  Explain how the sympathetic and parasympathetic division controls the eye The sympathetic nervous system responds to decreased light intensity • Sympathetic stimulation increasesBSC2086 A&P II Final Exam “You Should Be Able To” Q’s – Cumulative Portion 2 • Pupillary dilator muscles contract • Pupils dilate The parasympathetic nervous system response to increased light intensity • Parasympathetic stimulation increases • Pupillary constrictor muscles contract • Pupils constrict  Explain the difference between aqueous humor and vitreous humor Aqueous humor is a fluid that circulates within the anterior cavity of the eye, helps with nutrient and waste transport, and acts as a fluid cushion Vitreous humor is a gelatinous mass that helps stabilize the eye shape and supports the retina  Describe how an image is projected onto the retina ⇒ Light is refracted (bent) by the cornea and lens ⇒ The shape of the lens changes to focus the image on the retina ⇒ Result is a miniature image of the original, but upside down and reversed from left to right  How does the brain interpret this information? Which part of the brain receives visual information from which visual field? The optic radiation, the bundle of fibers linking the lateral geniculate nucleus with the visual cortex, sends visual information to the brain • The perception of a visual image reflects the integration of information that arrives at the visual cortex The left half of the field of vision goes to the right occipital lobe The right half of the field of vision goes to the left occipital lobe  Explain the difference between cones and rods Rods do not discriminate among colors of light, are highly sensitive to light, and enable us to see in low light Cones provide us with color vision and give us sharper, clearer images, but require more intense light  Describe the different types of diseases associated with the eye Scotoma: An abnormal blind spot located in an area other than the optic discBSC2086 A&P II Final Exam “You Should Be Able To” Q’s – Cumulative Portion 3 Glaucoma: Decreased aqueous humor drainage increases pressure and presses optic nerve Cataract: Lens loses its transparency Senile Cataract: Lens loses its transparency as a natural consequence of aging Astigmatism: Curvature of the lens where light passing through the cornea and the lens is not refracted properly, and the visual image is distorted Colorblindness: Inability to detect certain colors due to missing cones or cones that are unable to produce visual pigments to absorb light at certain frequencies Nyctalopia: Night blindness that results from a vitamin A deficiency  Explain the function of the utricle and saccule The utricle and saccule provide equilibrium sensations, whether the body is moving or is stationary  Describe the components of the cochlea that are involved in the detection of “sound” stimuli The cochlear duct receptors provide the sense of hearing • Hair cells located on the basilar membrane • Stereocilia in contact with overlying tectorial membrane  Explain how changes in air pressure is detected by hair cells in the cochlea 1. Air pressure “taps” tympanic membrane 2. Vibration of tympanic membrane causes vibration of malleus, incus, and stapes to amplify sound 3. Oval window vibrates and pushes the perilymph into the scala vestibuli a. Pressure of perilymph moving through the scala vestibuli and into scala tympani is relieved by bulging of the round window 4. Movement of perilymph in scala tympani distorts basilar membrane a. High frequency sounds vibrate basilar membrane closer to oval window b. Low frequency sounds vibrate basilar membrane farther away from oval window 5. Movement of basilar membrane moves hair cells in relation to tectorial membrane a. Bends stereocilia of hair cells b. Releases neurotransmitter from hair cell 6. Neurotransmitter stimulates sensory neuron to send action potentials through cochlear branch of vestibulocochlear nerveBSC2086 A&P II Final Exam “You Should Be Able To” Q’s – Cumulative Portion 4  Describe the sensory transduction pathway of the electrical signal as it travels from the ear to the brain • Cochlear Branch: Formed by afferent fibers of spiral ganglion neurons o Enters medulla oblongata o Synapses at dorsal & ventral cochlear nuclei o Information crosses to opposite side of brain  Ascends to inferior colliculus of midbrain • Ascending auditory sensations… o Synapse in medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus o Projection fibers deliver information to auditory cortex of temporal lobe of both hemispheres  Reduces impact of damage to a cochlea


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FSU BSC 2086 - Lesson 2: Special Senses

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