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FSU BSC 2086 - Blood Part 1

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BSC 2086 1st Edition Lecture 7 Outline of Current Lecture I Components and Functions of Blood II Physical Characteristics of Blood III Plasma IV Blood Typing Current Lecture I II Components and Functions of Blood a Cardiovascular system i The heart pump ii Blood vessels conductors iii Blood fluid medium b Blood transportation i Oxygen ii Carbon dioxide waste gas made once oxygen is used iii Nutrients iv Hormones v Immune system components like white blood cells vi Waste products from break down of proteins and metabolism 1 Broken down in kidneys to be sent to urine or the carbon dioxide is sent to the lungs c Functions i Transportation of substances ii Regulates pH and ions blood pH is usually 7 4 iii Clots blood at injury sites to prevent too much blood loss iv Defends against toxins and pathogens v Keeps constant body temperature 1 Thermoregulation through the skin d Components of Blood i Plasma fluid 1 Water dissolved plasma proteins other dissolved substances ii Formed elements 1 All cells and solids Physical Characteristics of Blood a Three elements formed i Red blood cells RBCs 1 Erythrocytes 2 Transport oxygen ii White blood cells WBCs 1 Leukocytes 2 Immune system III iii Platelets 1 Involved in blood clotting b Hemopoiesis producing formed elements from myeloid and lymphoid stem cells i Myeloid RBC ii Lymphoid WBC c Fractionation separating whole blood into plasma and formed elements in order to clinically analyze it through centrifugation i A thin coat is composed of platelets and white blood cells found between RBC pellet and plasma d General Characteristics i Normal temperature 38 C or 100 4 F ii High viscosity caused by dissolved proteins and formed elements iii pH 7 35 7 45 slightly alkaline iv loss of 10 in blood volume will cause decrease in blood pressure Plasma a Composition i 50 60 of blood volume ii More than 90 water iii Exchanges with extracellular fluid across capillary walls 1 Water ions and small solutes b Plasma Proteins i Albumins 1 60 2 Transport fatty acids thyroid hormones and steroid hormones ii Globulins 1 35 2 Immunoglobulins antibodies 3 Transport small molecules such as hormone binding proteins metalloproteins apolipoproteins and steroid binding proteins iii Fibrinogen 1 4 2 Make clots 3 Produce fibrin long insoluble strands iv Others 1 1 2 Change amounts of specialized plasma proteins 3 Endocrine regulation changes amount 4 Peptide hormones usually found in blood a Insulin b Follicle stimulating hormone c Thyroid stimulating hormone d Luteinizing hormone v Origins 1 Liver more than 90 of plasma proteins 2 Plasma cells make antibodies a Activated B lymphocytes 3 Endocrine hormones make peptide hormones c Serum i Liquid part of a blood sample ii Lacks clotting proteins and calcium removed during clotting process iii Produced when dissolved fibrinogen is converted to solid fibrin d Red blood cells RBCs i Make Up 1 99 9 formed elements 2 Make up about 1 3 of all cells in the body ii Hemoglobin 1 Protein molecule 2 Gives whole blood its color 3 Transport respiratory gases a Oxygen from lungs to peripheral tissues b Binds CO2 and carries it to lungs i Carbaminohemoglobin 4 Structure a Quaternary structure b 2 alpha subunit and 2 beta units 4 globular protein subunits i Each has one molecule of heme c One iron ion per heme i Oxyhemoglobin HbO2 associates easily with oxygen ii Deoxyhemoglobin dissociates easily from oxygen 5 Fetal hemoglobin a Strong form of hemoglobin b Found in embryos c Greater affinity to oxygen because it is needed to transfer it from maternal circulation to fetal circulation 6 Thalassemia a Not able to produce enough Hb subunits b Reduction of RBC production and fragile short living RBC c Affect development and growth d If the symptoms get too severe the person may require periodic blood transfusions or conversion of adult Hb with hydroxyurea or butyrate 7 Abundance a Red blood cell count number of RBCs in 1 microliter of whole blood b Hematocrit volume of the blood sample that is occupied by the RBC compared to the entire sample of blood volume 8 Conversion and recycling a Phagocytes break it down into components i Globular proteins amino acids ii Heme biliverdin 1 Bilverdin green is broken down into bilirubin yellow 2 Bilirubin sent to liver for excretion 3 Jaundice bilirubin buildup a Yellowish skin and sclera color b Bile ducts blocked or liver can t absorb or excrete bilirubin 4 Some bilirubin processed into urobilinogens and sent out in urine iii Iron is recycled 1 Removed from heme leaving only biliverdin 2 Binds to transferrin and delivered to red bone marrow to make new Hb 3 Too much free iron is toxic 4 Excess transferrin removed by liver and spleen and iron transferred to ferritin and hemosiderin storage proteins b Hemoglobinuria i Due to excess hemolysis in the blood hemoglobin breaks down products in urine c Hematuria i Whole RBC in urine due to kidney tissue damage d Iron deficiency anemia i RBC production affected by lack of iron uptake and metabolism iii Red blood cell structure 1 Small and highly specialized discs 2 Thin in middle thicker at edges a Shape increases surface area to volume ratio i Greater efficiency for movement of gases quickly absorbs and releases oxygen b Rouleaux stacks made from discs which smooth the flow through the narrow blood cells c Discs able to bend and flex when entering small capillaries 3 Sickle cell anemia a Mutation of amino acid in beta chain of hemoglobin b Mutated Hb caused by low oxygen levels alters RBC shape i Stiffens easily damaged ii Blocks narrow capillaries iii Clotting complications death iv RBC lifespan 1 No nuclei mitochondria or ribosomes a Cant repair themselves b Use anaerobic metabolism for energy 2 Live about 120 days 3 1 wear out day 4 Turnover formation 5 Macrophages of liver bone marrow and spleen monitor RBCs a Engulf RBCs before membrane rupture v RBC Production 1 Erythropoiesis only occurs in myeloid tissue or red bone marrow in adults a Stem cells mature and become RBC b Regulation i Building RBC requires 1 Amino acids 2 Iron 3 Vitamins B12 B6 and folic acid ii Pernicious anemia low RBC production due to lack of vitamin B12 or lack of the intrinsic factor required to absorb B12 from the intestine 2 Erythropoietin EPO a Stimulating hormone made by kidneys b Aka erythropoiesis stimulating hormone c Secreted when hypoxia occurs low oxygen in peripheral tissues i Due to disease high altitude d Functions to i Stimulate cell division ii Accelerate iron


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FSU BSC 2086 - Blood Part 1

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