The Study of Life Chapter 1 The Science of Biology Part 1 Learning Outcomes Define science biology and life Identify the two types of scientific reasoning Describe the flow of information used in inductive and deductive reasoning Interpret examples and determine type of reasoning used Describe the steps used in the scientific method Define hypothesis and null hypothesis Define dependent independent and control variables Apply understanding of variables to identify independent dependent and control variables in an experiment Compare contrast a scientific hypothesis theory and law Summarize the four major scientific theories presented cell theory gene theory theory of heredity theory of evolution Key terms Science Biology Life Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning Hypothesis Null hypothesis Independent variable Dependent variable Control variable Scientific theory Scientific law Science of Biology What is science Systematic study of the structure and behavior of the natural and physical world What is biology The science that studies life The study of What is science What is biology Branches of Biology Two types of Science Basic or pure science Science done to simply gain knowledge regardless of application Knowledge for the sake of knowledge Applied Science Science applied to real world problems Think technology Think Pair Share Basic vs Applied Science 1 Work in groups of 4 2 Visit the biology department website and together select a research faculty member 3 Independently read the brief description of their research and think about whether it is applied vs basic 4 Pair up with your group and discuss 5 Share your conclusion Types of Scientific Inquiry Scientific Inquiry Inductive Reasoning Descriptive or discovery science Aims to observe explore and discover Describes structures or processes through observation and analysis of data Flow is Generalizations based on a specific observations Process Scientific Inquiry Deductive Reasoning Hypothesis based science Begins with a specific question or problem and a potential answer or solution that can be tested Flow is Use of a existing idea to predict specific testable results Process 1 2 3 4 5 Science as a Process The Scientific Method A method of research with defined steps that include experiments and careful observations Does science really operate in this strict linear fashion Does science really operate in this strict linear fashion Science as a Process Experimental Design Hypothesis Hypothesis Is a suggested explanation which can be tested Must be BUT can NOT be only or A hypothesis is always subject to change modification with further information Null hypothesis states that there will be no difference no effect or no relationship between the variables It is NOT the opposite of the hypothesis Science as a Process Experimental Design Variables What is a variable Types of variables What is a control Science as a Process Experimental Design Controlled Experiments Experiments must be designed to test the effect of one variable Try to keep all other factors the same between control groups and experimental groups To cancel the effects of unwanted variables Researchers typically cannot control all factors in an experiment Hypothesis Independent variable Dependent variable Control variables Hypothesis Independent variable Dependent variable Control variables iClicker Quiz A species of moths lays eggs at two distinct times of the year Caterpillars from eggs that hatch in spring feed on oak flowers and look like oak flowers but caterpillars that hatch in summer feed on oak leaves and look like oak twigs How does the same population of moths produce such different looking caterpillars on the same trees To answer this question a biologist put at least one egg from different females into eight identical cups The eggs hatched and at least two larvae from each female were maintained in one of the four temperature and light conditions listed below In each of the four environments one of the caterpillars was fed oak flowers the other oak leaves Thus there were a total of eight treatment groups 4 environments 2 diets Temperature Spring like Spring like Summerlike Summerlike Day Length Spring like Summerlike Spring like Summerlike Which one of the following statements accurately describes the variable s in the experiment a b c d e The caterpillar s appearance is an independent variable The cups temperature and light conditions are independent variables The cups and atmospheric pressure are control variables The temperature and light conditions are dependent variables The caterpillar s diet is a dependent variable Hypothesis vs Theory vs Law Scientific Theory Foundation of scientific knowledge Defined as a hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested and not yet falsified Supported by a large body of evidence Constantly being challenged tested and modified as new information is obtained Scientific Law Describe how elements of nature will behave under specific conditions Often expressed in mathematical formulas Found in other scientific disciplines but not really biology Is there an evolution of a hypothesis to a theory to a laws Is there an evolution of a hypothesis to a theory to a laws Fundamental Theories of Biology Unifying Principles of Biology Forms the foundation of modern biology Explain how living organisms function how traits are passed down through generations and how life is organized at its most basic level 2 Gene Theory 1 Cell theory 3 Theory of Heredity 4 Theory of Evolution Themes and Concepts of Biology Part 2 Learning Objectives Name the smallest unit of life Summarize the characteristics used to define life Describe the levels of biological organization Understand how the properties of life relate to the hierarchy of biological organization Define taxonomy and phylogeny Use a phylogenetic tree to analyze evolutionary history List the characteristics shared by living organisms Key terms Cell Order Sensitivity to stimuli Reproduction Growth development Regulation Homeostasis Energy processing Adaptation Taxonomy Phylogeny Fundamental Questions of Biology 1 What are the shared properties characteristics that make something alive If something is alive how do we find meaningful organization of its structures 2 3 Given the remarkable diversity of life how do we organize all of the organisms 1 What are the shared properties characteristics that make something alive 2 If something is alive how do we find meaningful organization of its
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