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TAMU BIOL 111 - Ch 6 Blueprint
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Rebecca DavenportWednesday 10:35-1:159/25/16Ch. 6 Blueprint1. Tour of the Cella. Cell- basic unit of lifei. Two types of cells:1. Prokaryotic- Archea, bacteriaa. No nucleusb. DNA in nucleoidc. No membrane-bound organellesd. Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membranee. NO ER2. Eukaryotic- Eukaryaa. Generally much larger and more complexb. DNA in nucleus bounded by the nuclear envelopec. Membrane-bound organellesa. Organelles perform specific functions within the cell, and are BOUND by a membrane.b. Each has its own environment, function, and composition. 3. Common to both- a. Plasma membrane, semifluid substance called cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes.4. Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotic cells- a. True nucleus and membrane bound organelles.5. Plasma membrane- Selective barrier that allows passage of gases,nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cella. General structure of a biological membrane is a double layer of phospholipids and proteins (all organelles have this layer).b. Phospholipid bilayer-1. Asymmetrical2. Outside- carbohydrates3. Bottom (Inside layer)- proteins4. Circle parts (heads of phospholipids)- amphipathic or water loving.5. Tail (center of layer)- is hydrophobic6. How do things cross this membrane?a. Transmembrane Proteinsc.d. Metabolic requirements set upper limit on cell size1. Surface area to volume ratio is critical.6. Cytosol- a semifluid substancea. Cytoplasm- compartment within the plasma membrane and its contents.b. Cytosol- jelly like fluid of the cell.c. Subcellular components- organelles, ribosomes, large proteins, etc. d. Nucleus is NOT considered to be part of the cytoplasm in eukaryotes.e. Floating in the cytosol (free ribosomes- go where they’re needed)7.8. Endomembrane system- collection of membranes within and surrounding a eukaryotic cell, related via direct contact or transfer of membranous vesiclesa. Componentsa. Plasma membraneb. Nuclear envelopec. Endoplasmic reticulumd. Golgi apparatuse. Lysosomesf. Vacuoles9. Nucleus: info centrala. Nucleus- contains most of the cell’s genes and is usually the largest organelle.b. Nuclear envelope- encloses the nucleus in a double membrane.a. Each membrane composed of phospholipid bilayerc. Nuclear pores- regulate the entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus.d. Nuclear lamina (Structural support)- maintains the shapeof the nucleus, which is composed of protein.e. Chromosomes- discrete units that DNA is organized into.a. Chromatin- smaller fibers that chromosomes are made of.b. Chromatin = Histone Proteins + DNA moleculec. Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes when cell prepares to dividef. Nucleolus: dark staining structure(s) in the nucleusa. Place where ribosomes synthesizedb. Ribosomes- made of rRNA and protein.1. Present in every living thing.2. Assembled in nucleolus.3. Carry out protein synthesis in two locationsa. Floating in the cytosol (free ribosomes)b. Attached to the outside of the ER or the nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes).10. Endoplasmic Reticulum- a. Area of intense biosynthesis(to make things required for living)b. ER membrane is continuous with nuclear envelopec. Two types of ER:a. Rough ER-1. studded with “bound” ribosomes (make proteins) 2. “Bound” ribosomes- are like a home security system, determines what enters and leaves.3. Proteins made by ribosomes enter ER lumenmodifications made exit via vesicles4. Membrane factoryb. Smooth ER-1. lacks ribosomes2. Lipid synthesis3. Drug detoxification4. Calcium storagec. Both types of ER synthesize phospholipids.11. Golgi Apparatus: shipping and receiving centera. Consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternaea. Cis and trans faceb. Functions- warehouse of shipping, receiving, sorting and manufacturing. 12. Lysosomes: digestive compartmentsa. A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules.a. pH of lysosome very acidicb. phagocytosis and autophagy13. Vacuoles- large vesicles derived from endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus.a. Function Vary:a. Food Vacuoleb. Contractile Vacuolec. Central vacuole14. Peroxisomes: oxidationa. specialized metabolic compartments (single membrane)b. Produce H2O2 and convert it to waterc. Perform reactions with many different functionsa. Detoxify alcoholb. Break fatty acids into smaller molecules for use by mitochondrion15. Energy processing organelles:a. Mitochondria- the sites of cellular respiration metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP (ENERGY via respiration).a. Call the powerhouse of the cellb. In nearly all eukaryotic cells1. Including plantsc. Have smooth outer membrane and inner membrane folded into cristae (the folds aka Cristae increase the surface area which increases energy production).d. Two compartments:1. Intermembrane space2. Mitochondrial matrixe.b. Chloroplasts- found in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesisa. Light is convert to chemical energy (ATP) which is used to make sugar and other macromolecule.b. Chloroplasts are one type of plastidc. Chloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll,as well as enzymes and other molecules that function in photosynthesisd. Chloroplasts are found in leaves and other green organs of plants and in algaee. Chloroplast structure includes1. Thylakoid: membranous sacs (the green disc)a. Granum: stack of thylakoids (you maximize energy production by stackingthe thylakoids)2. Stroma: the internal fluidf.c. Endosymbiotic theorya. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have similarities with bacteria 1. Enveloped by a double membrane2. Contain free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules3. Grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cells16. Extracellular components and connectionsa. Most cells synthesize and secrete materials that are externalto the plasma membraneb. These extracellular structures includea. Cell walls of plants-1. The cell wall is an extracellular structure that distinguishes plants any many other organisms from animal cellsa. Animal cells DO NOT have cell walls2. Function:a. Protectionb. Structural support and shape3. Plant cell walls are made of mainly cellulosefibers embedded in other polysaccharides and protein.b. The extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cells-1. Animal cells lack cell walls but are covered by an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM)a. Glycoproteins: such as collagen: embedding in web of proteoglycansb. Proteoglycans: core protein + carbohydrate chains covalently attachedc. Fibronectin: attaches ECM to integrins2. ECM proteins bind to


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TAMU BIOL 111 - Ch 6 Blueprint

Type: Chapter Summary
Pages: 9
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