Think about it What are you made of Biological Macromolecules Chapter 3 Synthesis of Biomolecules Functional Groups Part 1 Learning Objectives 1 Name the 4 macromolecules of life 2 Explain the difference between polymers and monomers 3 List the set of monomers that makes up each class of polymers 4 Explain the processes of how polymers are created and broken down 5 Compare and contrast dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis 6 Recognize the structures of different classes of macromolecules 7 Identify the common functional groups associated with each class of macromolecules see table Key terms Macromolecule Monomer Polymer Dehydration synthesis condensation Hydrolysis Biological macromolecules Next step in the hierarchy of biological classification Atoms molecules macromolecules Small organic molecules are joined together to build macromolecules Four classes of biological macromolecules 1 2 3 4 Most macromolecules are polymers poly many meros part Built from monomers mono one Linked by covalent bonds Each class of macromolecules has its own specific set of monomers Biological Macromolecules All four biomolecules contain BUT each class has different building blocks All organisms share the same limited set of monomer types 40 50 monomers Immense variety of polymers built from a relatively small number of monomers Great diversity results from variety of arrangement Synthesis Building of Polymers Dehydration synthesis condensation reaction to put together by losing water Think from it If you dehydrate something you remove water If you condense something you put it together Monomers form larger molecules when 1 H of one monomer combines with the 2 Releasing a water molecule 3 Forming a OH of another monomer between monomers Catabolism Breaking of Polymers Hydrolysis Means water break Polymers break down into monomers 1 Chemical rxn inserts a across the covalent bond between two monomers 2 Polymer breaks into two components One part gains a The other gains a Dehydration synthesis Hydrolysis Synthesis of polymers Builds larger molecules Requires energy Releases H2O molecule Rxn can be catalyzed or sped up by specific enzymes Catabolism of polymers Breaks down molecules Releases energy Requires H2O molecule Review What are hydrocarbons Functional Groups Macromolecules Each of the four types of macromolecules has its own characteristic set of functional groups that contributes to its function in living organisms Functional groups are often polar Example Hydroxyl group Carboxyl Hydroxyl Carbony l Carboxyl Amino Sulfhydryl Carbonyl Methyl Phosphat e Study Guide Functional Groups Found in Biomolecules Nucleic acids all All all All Amino acids Nucleic acids Lipids Nucleic acids Lipids phospholipids only Importance of Functional Groups Many functional groups are polar Help organic compounds dissolve in water Can form hydrogen bonds Hydrogen bonding between functional groups is extremely important for biological molecules Help them fold and maintain appropriate shape for function Involved in various recognition processes For example pairing of complementary DNA bases and binding of an enzyme to its substrate Identify the functional groups present on the molecules shown below Carbohydrates Part 2 Learning Objectives Describe the 3 different classes of carbohydrates Name important monosaccharides disaccharides and polysaccharides Explain how carbohydrates are formed from their respective subunits Compare an aldose vs a ketose sugar Number the carbons in a linear or carbon ring Explain the structural and functional properties of polysaccharides Key terms Monosaccharide Disaccharide Polysaccharide Glyosidic bond Altose Ketose Starch Amylose Amylopectin Glycogen Cellulose Chitin Carbohydrates Represented by the formula Ratio of to to is Three subtypes Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Simplest sugars Usually 3 to 7 carbons Name ends with ose Most common is glucose May exist as linear chain or ring shaped molecules Aldoses carbonyl group C O end of the carbon chain Ketoses carbonyl group C O middle of the carbon chain Isomers All C6H12O6 but different arrangements Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Classification based on 1 of carbons e g triose pentose hexose 2 Position of the carbonyl carbon etc Aldose or ketose What is a carbonyl carbon Multiple structural arrangements of stereoisomers 2n where n of carbons What is a carbonyl carbon Isomers All C6H12O6 but differentarrangementsAldoses carbonyl group C O end of the carbon chainKetoses carbonyl group C O middle of the carbon chain O from carbonyl converted to hydroxyl OH trapped below ring Carbohydrates Five and six carbon monosaccharides exist in equilibrium between linear and ring forms Equilibrium strongly favors the ring structure Example glucose is about Form cyclic structures by the reaction of the carbonyl group C O with an OH group 99 ring form OH trapped above ring Carbohydrates Numbering carbons In linear configuration 1 Identify the carbonyl carbon C O For aldehyde will be carbon 1 For ketone will be carbon 2 2 This end is numbered the lowest In ring structure 1 Identify the carbon bonded to more than one oxygen 2 Begin numbering the ring from that end Include all carbons 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 5 3 4 6 5 2 4 3 1 1 2 6 5 3 4 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 Carbohydrates Disaccharides Two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond called a Formed by a dehydration reaction rxn which releases a water molecule Common examples Sucrose glucose fructose Lactose glucose galactose Maltose glucose glucose Based on what you have learned about numbering carbons and and bonds how would you describe the covalent bond in the disaccharide shown below a 1 2 glycosidic bond b 1 4 glycosidic bond c 1 2 glycosidic bond d 1 4 glycosidic bond Carbohydrates Polysaccharides Long chains of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds May be branched or unbranched May contain same or different monosaccharides unbranched branched Examples Starch Glycogen Cellulose Chitin Two types Carbohydrates Potato starch Storage Polysaccharides Starch Polymer consisting entirely of glucose monomers Joined by glycosidic bonds Composed of Amylose unbranched Amylopectin branched Major storage form of glucose in plants Carbohydrates Storage Polysaccharides Glycogen Polymer consisting entirely of glucose monomers Joined by 1 4 glycosidic and 1 6 glycosidic bonds Similar in structure to amylopectin but more highly branced Major storage form of glucose in animals Usually stored in liver or muscle cells When blood glucose
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