Study Guide: Chapter 2Answer each question in complete sentences and be as thorough as possible. You may use drawings, tables, or other forms of expressing your answer. Feel free to be creative!1. What is an essential element?a. Elements that an organism needs to live a healthy life and reproduce. 2. What are the essential elements? a. Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen make up 96% of living matter3. Name and describe the various subatomic particles. Indicate their charge, size, location within an atom, and what each subatomic particle tells us about the atom.a. Protons are positively charged, 1 amu, part of the nucleusb. Neutrons are electrically neutral, 1 amu, part of the nucleusc. Electrons are negatively charged, 1/2000 amu, make up the “cloud”Subatomic particlecharge size Purposeproton positive 1 amu identity Neutron Neutral 1 amu Isotopes, atomic masselectron negative 1/2000 amu Chemical behaviord.4. Describe the structure of an atoma.b.c. Valence shell-i.5. Determine the atomic number, atomic mass, and number of neutrons for Sodium (Na).a.6. How do isotopes of an element differ from one another?a. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different atomic masses.b. Different number of neutrons.c. Cannot change number of protons without changing elements.7. How do you determine how many electron shells an atom has? How many electron shellsdoes Ca have?8. Why are valence electrons so important? How many valence electrons does Carbon (C) have?9. Draw an electron distribution diagram for a Potassium (K).10. What is the difference between a molecule and a compound?11. Describe the three major types of bonds discussed in this chapter (covalent, ionic, and hydrogen)? a. Covalent bond- sharing a pair of electronsi. Ex: ii. Polar- unequal sharing of electrons1. Partial charges--- Gamma symbol 2. Ex: H2O 3. Electro-negative atoms (aka highly greedy) are Nitrogen and Oxygen. (Anytime you see O or N, most likely polar molecule)iii. Non-polar- equal sharing of electrons1. No partial charges2. Ex: O2 (the two oxygens cancel out)b. Ionic bond- gain or loss of electron (full charges) i. Ex: NaCl (Na donates an electron to Cl)c. Hydrogen bond- form between water molecules (BUT water molecules are held together by covalent bonds)i. Very weak individuallyii. Hydrogen (+)- will be attracted to O (-) of another water molecule and willtherefore form a hydrogen bond. Oxygen (-) is bigger and will be able to form hydrogen bonds with TWO water molecules. (look at example below)iii.12. What are the two types of covalent bonds? Sketch an example of each type of covalent bond and explain why these types of covalent bonds are important.13. What are reactants and products when talking about chemical
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