BIOL 111 1st Edition Lecture 4Outline of Last Lecture I. Macromolecules continuedII. Protiens III. Level of protein structureIV. Nucleic acidsV. Introduction to Chapter 6Outline of Current LectureI. Cell TypesII. Organization of Eukaryotic cellsIII. Endosymbiosis theoryCurrent Lecture- Cell Typeso Prokaryotic cells-bacteria and archaea No membrane bound cells parts (the cell itself is membrane bound but just around the very outside of the cell)o Eukaryotic cells: “true nucleus” Specialized or unique features in:- Plants-chloroplasts, cell walls that have cellulose in them, vacuoles- Fungi-cells walls do not have cellulose but have chitin (a type of carbohydrate)- Animals-lysosome, centrioles/centrosomes, flagella - Organization of Eukaryotic Cellso Extracellular matrixo Plasma membrane-separates the outside of the cell from the inside of the cell Made up of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins Phosphate groups are on the outside of the cell, which are hydrophilico Cell junctions Intermediate filaments-hold the cell together and allows the inside of the cell to interact with the outside of the cell Gap junctions-allow adjacent cells in animal tissues to communicate with one another Tight junctions-epithelial cells, cells that are bound tightly together, prevent fluid from moving from the inside of you intestine to the tissue of your intestineo Microtubules Composition: polymers of tubulin Largest of 3 structures, hollow tubes Ex. Centrioles, cilia, and flagella Important in muscle movement and muscle contractiono Micro filaments Composition: polymers of actin Smallest of 3, solid roots Ex. Muscle fibers, cleavage furrowo Intermediate filament Composition: composed of keratins Filaments of coiled fibers Ex. Nuclear laminao Motor protiens Work with cytoskeletal elements Allow cells to move Ex. Dynein, myosino Mitochondria Site of cellular respiration/ATP production Have separate genetic material and ribosomeso Nucleus Stores genetic information (like mitochondria and chloroplasts but nucleus storeslinear DNA) on chromosomes made of chromatin Produces ribosomes in nucleolus- The dark spot in the nucleuso Ribosomes Make protiens and there are two types: free and boundo Endomembrane system Regulates protein and lipid processing Performs metabolic functions Smooth endoplasmic reticulum- Functions: synthesize lipids, detoxification and breaks down carbohydrates Rough ER- Functions: synthesize and modify protiens, constructs cell membrane Golgi apparatus- Functions: modifies protiens and produces poly saccharides Lysosome- Functions: function as the digestive system of the cell, serving both to degrade material taken up from outside the cell and to digest obsolete components of the cell itselfo Peroxisomes Enzymes produce hydrogen peroxide Break down fatty acids Detoxify by transferring hydrogen form poisons to oxygeno Cytosol-fluid substance around organelleso Cytoplasm-region between nucleus and plasma membrane or cytosol plus organelles(except nucleus)o Central Vacuole Stores various compounds Important for growtho Chloroplast Site of photosynthesis Contain own DNA and ribosomes- Endosymbiosis theoryo Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once prokaryotes that began living in larger cellso Evidence Single, circular DNA Double membrane Ribosomes Reproduce by
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