BIOL 111 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture II. Scientific InquiryIII. WaterIV. Carbon CompoundsOutline of Current LectureI. HydrocarbonII. Isomers vs. IsotopesIII. MacromoleculesIV. CarbohydratesCurrent Lecture- Hydrocarbon-anything that contains hydrogen and carbon (can only be hydrocarbon)o Gasoline and oil are examples of hydrocarbons as they are combustible, have all covalent bonds and are hydrophobico Isomers: compounds with the same # of atoms but different arrangements, thus different properties (isotopes have the same number of protons) - Isomers vs. isotopeso Isomers: same # of atoms, different arrangementso Isotopes: same # of protons, different # of neutrons- Functional groupsName Structure PropertiesHydroxyl Polar because the oxygen is electronegativeHydrogen bonded to an oxygenCarbonyl Polar in sugarsCarbon double bondedto an oxygenCarboxyl Carbon double bondedto an oxygen and bonded to a hydroxyl groupPolar, acidic, in amino acids fatty acidsAcid due to a carboxyl group attached to the moleculeAmino Can form to an additional bond with hydrogen and will decrease the amount of free hydrogen’s in the solution, making them always basicSulfhydryl Found in a few amino acids, important to protein structurePhosphate Very polar, lots of negatively charged atoms, in nucleic acids ATP and phospholipidsMethyl Addition to DNA or other molecules affectsfunction of that moleculeMade up of a carbon and 3 hydrogens MACROMOLECULES- Review (make flashcards of these for test)o Molecule vs. compound Molecule-two or more atoms held together by a chemical bond Compound-two or more different elements held together by chemical bonds, hasdifferent propertied from elements alone o Electron shells, valence electronso Isotope, isomero Covalent, ionic, hydrogen bondso Define acid, baseo Functional groups- Introduction to macromoleculeso Vital to living organisms: nucleic acids, protiens, carbohydrates, lipids Everything except for lipids have monomers Will need to know the monomers for each group and how covalent bonds link monomers together to make polymersMolecule Function(s)Carbohydrates Store energy; can also be structural elements in a cellLipids Store energy; structural; hormones (signaling) Protiens Widely varied (table 5.1)Nucleic acids Instructions for building and reporductionFunctional groups play key roleso Formed via covalent bonds linking monomers to form polymers- Making and breaking down polymerso Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond (dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer) Monomers polymero Hydrolysis adds a water molecule, breaking a bond (hydrolysis of a polymer) Polymer monomers- Carbohydrateso Monosaccharides (a monomer) General formula: (CH2O) n Linear and ring forms Note: numbered carbons Examples: glucose (example down below), fructose, riboseo Disaccharides 2 monosaccharides linked via glycosidic linkage Examples- Maltose=glucose + glucose (beer)- Sucrose=glucose + fructose (table sugar)- Lactose =glucose + galactose (milk)o Polysaccharides (polymers of monosaccharides) Storage- Starch: plant storage (ex. Amylose, amylopectin)- Glycogen: animal storage Structural - Cell walls (ex. Cellulose)- Exoskeletons (ex. Chitin)- Lipids (all are hydrophobic)o Fats Glycerol + 3 fatty acids Linked via ester linkage Formed by DEHYDRATION synthesis Ex. Saturated and unsaturated fats- If there is one or more double bonds or a carbon without all of its openings filled with hydrogen causes an unsaturated fat (kink in the chain, makes it liquid)- Fatty acids due to having carboxyl in the linkage An aside- Ester compound= acid + alcohol- General formula: RCOOR’- Often fragrant &/or flavorful—citrate, banana oilo Phospholipids 3 components: phosphate group, glycerol, 2 fatty acids 2 layers form cell
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