Active transportrequires energy; when acell moves water againstthe concentrationdifferenceAnaphasethe centromeres that join thesister chromatids split and thesister chromatids becomeindividual chromosomesCalvin CycleTakes place in thechloroplasts; does not requirelight; Plants use energy of ATPand NADPH to produce highenergy sugarsCell membranethin, flexible membrane thatregulates what enters andleaves the cell and providesprotection and supportCell wallstrong supporting layeraround the membrane;provides support andprotectionchlorophyllthe main pigment inplantsChloroplastsOrganelles that captureenergy from the sun andconvert it into chemicalenergyCyclinsA group of proteins thatregulate the timing ofthe cell cycle ineukaryotesCytokinesisOccurs at the same time astelophase; the cytoplasm ispinched into two nearly equalpartsCytolysisWhen a cell bursts because toomuch water is entering the celldue to the fact that the wateron the outside is moreconcentrated than the insideCytoskeletonNetwork of protein filamentsthat helps to maintain thecell's shape; found inEukaryotes.DiffusionA process in which particlesmove from an area where theyare more concentrated to anarea where they are lessconcentratedElectron TransportTHird stage of cellularrespiration; uses the high-energy electrons from theKrebs Cycle to convert ADPinto ATPEndoplasmic reticulumWhere lipid components of thecell membrane are assembled,along with proteins and othermaterials that are exportedfrom the cellEquilibriumWhen the concentrationof a solute is the samethroughout a solutionFacilitated diffusiondoes not require energyFermentationOccurs when oxygen is notpresent; releases energy fromfood molecules by producingATPG1 phaseCells increase in size andmake new proteins andorganellesG2 phaseMany of the organellesand molecules requiredfor cell division areproducedGlycolysisprocess in which one molecule ofglucose is broken in half, producingtwo molecules of pyruvic acid, athree-carbon compound; results inthe gain of two ATP moleculesGolgi ApparatusModifies, sorts, and packagesproteins and other materialsfrom the ER for storage orsecretionGranastacks of thylakoidsHypertoniccontains a greaterconcentration of impermeablesolutes than the solution onthe other side of themembraneIsotoniccontain equal concentrationsof impermeable solutes oneither side of the membraneKrebs CycleSecond stage of cellular respiration;in Eukaryotes, takes place in themitochondria. Pyruvic acid is brokendown into carbon dioxide in a seriesof energy-extracting reactions. Alsoknown as citric acid cycleLactic AcidFermentationoccurs in your musclesduring rapid exerciseLight-dependentreactionstake place within the thylakoidmembranes and require light; useenergy from light to produceoxygen gas and convert ADP andNADP+ into the energy carriersATP and NADPHMetaphasechromosomes line upacross the center of thecellMitochondriaOrganelles that convert thechemical energy stored in foodinto compounds that are moreconvenient for the cell to useOsmosisThe diffusion of waterthrough a selectivelypermeable membranepigmentslight-absorbingmolecules in plantsPlasmolysisWhen a cell shrinksbecause the water insideis more concentratedthan on the outsideProphaseThe chromosomes condenseand become visible. Thecentrioles separate and takeup positions on opposite sidesof the nucleus.Ribosomesmall particles of RNA andprotein found throughout thecytoplasm where proteins areassembledS phaseReplication ofchromosomes occursSmooth ERDoes not containribosomes and isinvolved in makinglipidsTelophaseTHe chromosomes gather atopposite ends of the cell andlose their distinct shape. Twonuclear envelopes form.Thylakoidssaclike photosyntheticmembranesVisible spectrumWavelengths of sunlightyou can
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