BIOL 111 1st Edition Lecture 3Outline of Last Lecture I. HydrocarbonII. Isomers vs. IsotopesIII. MacromoleculesIV. CarbohydratesOutline of Current LectureI. Macromolecules continuedII. Protiens III. Level of protein structureIV. Nucleic acidsV. Introduction to Chapter 6Current Lectureo Steroids 4 carbon rings fused together (ex. Cholesterol) Since it is mostly hydrogen and carbon, they re hydrophobic- Protienso Diverse: enzymes, transport, receptors, antibodies, and more (see Table 5.1)o Monomer=amino acid What is an amino acid? - It is called an amino acid because of two important functional groups: the amino group (nitrogen attached to two hydrogen’s) and the carboxyl group (carbon double bonded to oxygen and bonded to a hydroxide)o 20 amino acids KNOW which amino acids are: polar, non-polar, basic, or acidico KNOW four levels of protein structureo Polymers of amino acids—AKA peptides Linked via peptide bondso Formed by DEHYDRATION synthesis Polar because they have NOPS because they are more electronegative The backbone of the chain is the NCCN and the other part of the backbone is the R group- Levels of protein structureo Primary—aa sequence (5-10 amino acids long to thousands of thousands of amino acids long)o Secondary—interactions between backbone atomso Tertiary—interactions that happen between the R groups or the side chain atoms There are many types of interaction between chain atoms o Quaternary—interactions between more than one peptideo Denaturation-disrupting protein structure Heat-disrupts H-bonds PH-disrupts ionic bonds Chemicals-disrupts ionic, S—S (covalent disulfide bonds), H- bonds Organic solvent (non polar)—turns inside-out- Nucleic acidso Function: instructions for building and reproduction DNA and RNA which are very important because they tell all of the cells how to make their protienso Monomers=nucleotide Phosphate group Nitrogenous base-has nitrogen, carbon, and some other types of atoms in it Pentose sugar—ribose or deoxyribose- DNA: AGTC, without oxygen in the ribose- RNA: AGUC, with oxygen in the riboseo Polynucleotide—polymer of the nucleotideso Linked via phosphodiester bonds o Formed by DEHYDRATION synthesis o Directional sequence: 5’3’ RNA: single strand, always a single strand even though it may fold on itself and give the illusion of a 3D strand DNA: double strands, antiparallelCHAPTER 6- A tour of the cello Research tools Microscopes (appendix D)- Light microscope- Electron microscope Cell fractionation-taking cells and breaking them into different pieces- Can use chemicals, sound waves, or blenders to break up the cells- Use a centrifuge to separate out components-- Microscopeso Light microscopes use light to shine on/through the specimen Can magnify from 1000-2000Xo Electron microscope can magnify much more and can be used to see viruses and bacteriao Two different types of cells Prokaryotes-bacteria and archaea, single cell organisms found in very extreme environments - Pro-before, karyote-nucleus- Components-DNA, do not have ANY membrane bound components
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