NUTR 2030 2 2 15 Lipids Continued Trans fat synthetically created by taking a healthy unsaturated fat plant based oil and adding hydrogen to the structure that converts double bonds into single saturated bonds Changes composition structure and function Worse for heart health than saturated fat Dietary sources partially hydrogenated vegetable oils Health concerns raise total and LDL low density lipoprotein cholesterol similar to saturated fat lower HDL high density lipoprotein cholesterol induces system inflammation and vascular dysfunction Recommendation limit and avoid Lipoprotein protein with fat attached to it LDL cholesterol is the bad cholesterol when there s too much LDL the extra fat and cholesterol is dumped into the blood stream which leads to plaque formation HDL good cholesterol goes out to the arteries and cells collects the accumulated excess fat and acholesterol and takes it back to the liver where it will be converted to bile which helps our bodies digest fat and some of the bile gets excreted as fecal waste We simply eat cholesterol and the body decides how it is going to transport it we do not eat HDL or LDL Trans fat is very pro inflammatory especially in the blood vessels which attracts more fat to get deposited with leads to plaque formation which can lead to a heart attack or a stroke If there is 0 5g or less of each fat companies are allowed to say 0g on the product label Not entirely true because even though there s less than 0 5g there is still trans fat that can build up over time Have to read ingredient list to know if there is trans fat If the words partially hydrogenated are listed in front of a type of oil it is trans fat Healthy Fats Monounsaturated Fatty Acids MUFA Dietary sources olive and canola oil nuts cashews peanuts etc olives avocado Health benefits replace SFA with MUFA lowers total and LDL cholesterol and triglyercides variability on HDL depends on total and MUFA fat content anti inflammatory effects as part of Mediterranean diet Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids PUFA Essential Fatty Acids EFA s Omega 3 Family from alpha linolenic acid can convert this to the other members of the Omega 3 family Dietary sources vegetable oils soybean canola fatty fish and fish oil nuts walnuts seeds Omega 6 Family from cis linolenic acid Dietary sources vegetable oils Omega 3 Family n 3 Four Major Dietary n 3 Fatty Acids 1 alpha linolenic acid ALA 2 Eicosapentaenoic acid EPA 3 Docosahexaenoic acid DHA 4 Docosapenteonoic acid 3 oz of fatty fish per day does not usually happen which is why people take fish oil supplement Omega 3s make arteries very smooth Definitely need to up our omega 3 intake as Americans Methyl mercury contamination choose low mercury containing fish Ex salmon sardines anchovies if you go with canned tuna chunk white is recommended rather than albacore white this tends to have less mercury Omega 6 Family n 6 Forms of n 6 fatty acids 1 Cis Linoleic Acid LA 2 Gamma Linolenic Acid GLA 3 Arachidonic Acid AA 4 Conjugated linoleic acid CLA Essential fatty acid we have to consume this Corn oil sunflower oil saffron oil etc are also good sources Alcohol We consume ethanol in our alcoholic beverages Yeast ferments carbohydrates or sugar and alcohol is a natural byproduct of metabolic pathways Product of fermentation CHO Yeast Alcohol Ethyl Alcohol Ethanol Neither carbohydrate or lipid structurally similar to carbohydrates metabolized like fats Provides 7 kcal gram People can become overweight from consuming too many calories from alcohol Classified as a Drug modifies body functions narcotic dulls the senses and is addictive carcinogen a substance that is known to cause cancer Toxic effects for cells cell death Acute systemic toxin brain cell death chronic liver toxin Ethyl Alcohol Ethanol Intake Alcohol in beverages 12 oz of regular beer 5 ABV alcohol by volume 8 9 oz of malt liquor 7 alcohol 5 oz of table wine 5 alcohol 1 5 fl oz shot of 80 proof spirits about 40 alcohol Alcohol does not have to go through digestion absorbed unaltered into the bloodstream Absorption through GI tract stomach and small intestine Lipid solvent easily enters cells Rate of absorption depends on presence of food in the stomach Metabolism Liver is the main site No storage site for alcohol in the body either metabolized or broken down and stored as fat Alcohol metabolism takes precedence Liver metabolizes alcohol at about 7 to 10 g per hour approximately of a drink In the cells of the liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase ADH Pathway Normal pathway if the person is drinking about 1 2 drinks Byproduct of this pathway is acetylaldehyde toxin The body has to get rid of it Can lead to local damage in the liver copy the rest of the notes from ppt Secondary pathway Microsomal Ethanol Oxidizing System MEOS or Cytochrome P 450 System More commonly used when a person is binge drinking This system begins to develop a tolerance to high amounts of alcohol
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