Lipids- First slide (don’t forget chart with overall effects of fasting/starvations chart)o When we have good nutrient stores things are good. Animal is healthy - Lipids are something we get from the diet also referred to as fat. In the science community we refer to it as fat. - Lipids are a protection mechanism for our protein - Lipidso Heterogeneous group of compounds related by the following physical properties: Hydrophobic insoluble in water- It gives us problems in movement (blood is water based) Aliphatic carboxylic acids – long carbon chains Contain C,H,O- Sometimes they may contain P,N o Ex) cell membrane o Importance High energy value we get lots of energy Some are essential to functions in the body Need fat storage in our body for some vitamins that need to be store infato Classification Simple- Fats (triglycerides) – ester and a glyceride- Waxes- ester and an alcoholo Protective function in plants Complex- Phospholipids- fatty acid with a phosphorus group- Glycolipids- fatty acid with a carbohydrate group- Lipoproteinso Can use these to transport lipids through out the body Cholesterol- Found in the cell membrane - Needed in our diet just need a healthy balance of it - Triglycerideo Esters of fatty acids with glycerol Yield ~9.45 kcal of heat when combusted- Carbohydrates only yield about 4.1 kcalo this is the big part of storage of energy in the bodyo 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerolH2CCHH2CO COR1OCOR2O COR3-- Fatty Acido An aliphatic carboxylic acid which contains only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen o Classification: Saturated- fatty acid contains no carbon-carbon double bond Monounsaturated- fatty acid contains only one carbon-carbon bond Polyunsaturated- fatty acid that contains two or more carbon-carbon double bonds Example: Linoleic Acid (all-cis-9,12-octadecadienoic) 18: 2, Δ9,12 or ω6H2C COOHCH3o The Δ9 or sans 9 means that is where the double bond is located. - Essential Fatty Acidso These are essestinal to the diet we have to get these in the diets o Our bodies can not handle a double bond past the 9th position. (Have to get these in the diets)o Linoleic (most mammals) 18:2,Δ9,12o Linolenic (most mammals) 18: 3, Δ9,12,15o Arachidonic acids (cats) Synthesized from linoleic acid in most mammals. as long as you have enough linolenic coming in you can synthesize this 20:4,Δ5, 8,11,14- Cholesterolo Sources: De novo synthesis (~50%)- we can make this ourselves- Liver (~10%)- circulation through out the liver - Intestine (~10%) Diet (~50%) Most organs have the ability to synthesize but most come from the liver and the intestines o Cholesterol is precursor to Steroids - E.g., androgens, estrogens, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and vitamin D3 Bile acids- Enterohepatic circulation of bile acids has sparing effect on cholesterol - Triglyceride: Absorption We will have uptake from things in the diet We have tons of surface area which is important in absorption The blood vesselso Digestion/absorption Monogastric (e.g., pig) – special to monogastrics because once again we are not as efficient as ruminants.)- Triglycerides presented to small intestine in form consumed- Triglycerides hydrolyzed via lipases (what we get) o Free fatty acids (3 of them) o Monoacylgyceride (what’s left of the glycerol and one fatty acid)- Micelle makeup- what we use to transfer lipidso Monoacylgycerideo Free fatty acidso Bile saltso Cholesterol o Fat soluble vitamins Ruminant- Rumen microbes hydrolyze triglyceride to :o Glycerol (all fatty acids are knocked off much more efficent)o Free fatty acids- these are hydrogenated Some fatty acids may escape hydrogenation Hydronate- remove the double bonds and add the hydrogen’s back on - Micelle makeupo Little to no monoacylglyceride o Lysolecithin- pulls FA from your food in the intestines Sources pancreaso Fatty acidso Bile salts o Fat soluble vitamins o Absorption (refer back to picture) We are working to get those fatty acids in the lymphatic system to get them where they need to go. - Chylomicron/ VLDLo Left intestineo Pulling things into the cell using cell componentspackage them in that cell dump them out in the lymphatic system and them transport them in that wayo Right lymphatic cell in the livero The liver is able to do the same thing. It is packaged using LDL- Triglyceride/Cholesterol: Transport o Lipid proteins work to transport lipids have things like cholesterol are transported through out the body - Absorption/Distribution Overviewo Key difference go from distributed tissues to the liver and then to where they need to be for the rest of the
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