Bioenergetics Study Guide1) What are the two potential ways to harvest energy from ATP?Hydrolyzing one or two phosphate bonds yields the same amount 2) What are the purpose of “heat production”?How we keep our body at a certain temp3) Catabolism of energy nutrients primarily means what type of nutrients?Carbohydrates and lipids (not really AA)4) What is “obligatory” vs “regulatory” heat production?Obligatory: processes that have a certain task but in doing them, some energy “lost” as heatRegulatory: sole purpose is to provide heat5) What does it mean when we say that when we use ATP there is always some inefficiencyin processes?Heat lost as energy, but it helps maintain body temp (so not completely wasteful)6) What are the two types of “regulatory” heat production?Shivering: movement/ muscle contraction to produce heatUncoupling: allowing protons to pass back into matrix of mitochondria  produce heat without using ATP7) On a large scale, what happens after we generate reducing equivalents from the TCA cycle?Electrons to ETC  movement of H+ out of mitochondrial matrix to inter membrane space (against concentration gradient)  movement back into the matrix is what gives the energy to turn ADP to ATP ATP shuttles out of mitochondria to cytoplasm  giving us ADP and Pi which will be moved back into mitochondria to happen again 8) Movement of NADH through ETC? What is the total amount of H+ moved?NADH at complex allows for movement of 4 protons from matrix to intermembrane Electrons pass to complex II  coenzyme Q  at complex II, 2 protons from matrix into intermembraneElectrons go through Cyt C  complex IV moves 4 protons 10 H+ / NADH 9) What is the movement of FADH through ETC? What is the total amount of H+ moved?FADH interacts with complex II  move through Q  2 H+ from Complex III  4 protons from Complex IV6 H+ / FADH10) ______ is used for the dissipation of the concentration gradient moving protons back to the matrix, roughly moving ___ back, which allows energy to phosphorylate APD to ATP ATP synthase; 411) Per NADH _____ ATP can be generated and per FADH _____ ATP can be generated.2.5 and 1.512) What is the amount of energy that is actually left and available to accomplish work (mechanical work such as respiration and circulation; transport work; synthetic work; muscle contraction)?16%13) Starting with the total energy intake (combustible energy value of foodstuff), where is host and food lost and used for5-10% lost in feces  digestible energy intake digested or absorbed energy lost in urine  metabolize energy60%heat lost due to biochemical inefficiency of converting fuel energy for ATP  energy available to couple to work (40%)24 % heat loss to biochemical inefficiency of coupling ATP to work  16% energy actually used to accomplish work 12% lost as consequence of internal work and muscle contraction  2% for external work done on environmentremaining 2% lost as heat or temporarily stored in environment as non-heat energy as consequence of external work 14) The browning of adipose tissue found in smaller animals and colder environments is done by what enzyme and for what purpose?UCP (uncoupling protein); to maintain body temperature 15) What is the purpose of UCP?Way to produce heat but not ATP; moving H+ back from intermembrane to matrix16) What are the two different pathways that can happen to precursor for brown adipocyte and skeletal muscle?Myogenic determination factors  skeletal myocyte Adipocyte determination factors  Within brown adipose tissue17) What is brown adipocyte tissue composed of? lipid droplets (storing TGA), nucleus and mitochondria, which allow for compensation of the uncoupling protein (we need more mitochondria to make up uncoupling in which no ATP is made)18) What happens to a precursors for white adipocyte and what is it made of?white adipocyte which has less lipid droplets but are much larger and fill up majority of cell, nucleus, mitochondria are much fewer (energy demand is much smaller)19) Moving from white adipocyte undergo _______ to brown adipocyte-like cell? Adrenergic stimulation20) By inducing brown adipose like cells what happens?we utilize more nutrients, metabolic rate goes up, potential for changes in body weight, etc21) Way to produce heat in the body by using 2 metabolites and there is no change in substrate or product; example is fructose bisphosphate and phosphofructokinaseSubstrate cycling22) What are the three things we use energy for?BEE- basal energy expenditureEEPA- energy expenditure for physical activityAny movement, most variableTEF- thermic effect or foodFor digestion, absorption and assimilation of food stuff 23) Why do we lose some amount of energy in proteins and AA when we oxidize calories in the body vs calorimeter?Nitrogen is not oxidized 24) What is respiratory quotient?VCO2/VO225) What is the gold standard of measuring energy expenditure? Why?Doubly labeled water isotopeCan be done in a free living world As labeled H and O removed we know we are using energy:Flatter lines  lower energy expenditureSharper decline  faster26) Early in life, most energy is used for _____, then the ____ then everything elseBrain  liver  everything else27) As your proceed through life, energy expenditure in brain decreases and increases in ______. Why?Muscle; growth has a lot do to with it 28) What organs energy expenditure stays essentially the same throughout life?Kidney and adipose tissue29) Why does the whole body expend a lot more energy at the beginning of your life and less as you age?GrowthThe bigger we get, the less energy we need to stay warm  maintain temp better  need less energy to stay at proper temp30) Some amount of resting energy expenditure is based on ______.Genetics31) What is the PAL for someone who is bedbound/ chair bound?1.232) What is the PAL for someone who does standing work? Strenuous work?1.8-1.92.0-2.433) What is the PAL for someone who does seated work with no option of moving around? For someone who does seated work but moves around a little bit?1.4-1.51.6-1.734) What is the main ideas of body energy balance?Energy balance: energy in = energy outNegative = energy in < energy outPositive energy in > energy out35) What are the 4 energy forms and their storage sites?TAG in adipose tissueProtein in muscle (only in extreme diet; not a major energy reserve)Glycogen in liver and muscleGlucose or lipid in body fluids36) Given the