NUTR 2030 Principles of Human NutritionMicronutrients Study Guide Spring 2015Water-SolubleVitaminMainSources/FormsMain FunctionDeficiencyDisordersToxicity Disorders RDA and/or UL Special ConsiderationsThiamin (B1)Don’t Need to KnowRiboflavin (B2)Don’t Need to KnowNiacin (B3)Don’t Need to KnowPantothenic AcidDon’t Need to Know Don’t Need to Know Don’t Need to KnowBiotinDon’t Need to KnowB6 (Pyridoxine)Don’t Need to KnowFolateB12 (Cobalamin)Don’t Need to KnowVitamin CFat-SolubleVitaminMainSources/FormsMain FunctionDeficiencyDisordersToxicity Disorders RDA and/or UL Special ConsiderationsVitamin ADon’t Need to KnowVitamin DVitamin EDon’t Need to KnowVitamin KDon’t Need to KnowMinerals Food Sources Main FunctionDeficiencyDisordersToxicity Disorders RDA and/or UL Special ConsiderationsCalciumPhosphorusDon’t Need to KnowMagnesiumDon’t Need to KnowSodiumPotassiumIronIodineDon’t Need to Know Don’t Need to KnowZincDon’t Need to KnowChromiumDon’t Need to Know Don’t Need to Know Don’t Need to KnowFluorideDon’t Need to KnowTERMS AND DEFINITIONSBioavailability:Calcidiol:Calciferol:Calcitriol:Carotenoids:Chelation:Cholecalciferol:Enrichment:Ergocalciferol:Fat-Soluble Vitamins:Folate:Folic Acid:Fortification:Heme Iron:Intrinsic Factor:Macrocytic/Megaloblastic Anemia:Microcytic Anemia:MFP Factor:Non-Heme Iron:Pica:Precursors (Pro-vitamins):Retinoids:Water-Soluble Vitamins:2Grouping Nutrients by Similar FunctionsEnergy Metabolism (part of co-enzyme complex to metabolize macronutrients):Healthy Red Blood Cell Formation: Cell Health (including that of the skin):Bone Mineralization/Health:Nerve Conduction and Muscle Contraction:Antioxidants:Electrolytes:Bound by Phytates and Oxalates:Requires Adequate Stomach Acid for Digestion/Absorption:May be Produced by the Body (in small amounts):Risk of Deficiency in Vegetarian Diets:STUDY QUESTIONSVitamins, minerals, and water provide the body with how much energy per gram consumed?Why are vitamins and minerals essential to the human body?How can vitamins be destroyed?A vitamin or mineral deficiency can occur under what conditions?A vitamin or mineral toxicity can occur under what conditions?3Compare and contrast the following related to water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins, in general: storage in the body, excretion from the body, toxicity potential, and minimum frequency of required intake.What is the relationship between biotin and alopecia?What is the difference between folate and folic acid?What foods are required by the FDA (since 1998) to be fortified with folic acid?Outline the digestive and absorptive pathway of Vitamin B12, particularly related to the secretion, binding, and function of intrinsic factor.List causes of vitamin B12 deficiency and explain ways to correct each cause.Which digestive enzymes and compounds are required for the digestion of fat-soluble vitamins?Outline the synthesis of vitamin D as obtained from the sun. Be sure to include all necessary compounds.Outline the activation of vitamin D as obtained from the diet. Be sure to include all organs/compound names.4What are the dietary guidelines related to vitamin K for a person on anti-coagulant therapy?What is the difference between calcium carbonate and calcium citrate?What is the maximum amount of calcium that an individual should consume at a time? Why?What is the relationship between sodium and salt?How much salt is equivalent to 2300 mg sodium?What is the relationship between the intake of sodium and the intake of potassium and high blood pressure?What substances inhibit calcium absorption? What substances inhibit iron absorption?What substances enhance iron absorption?5List the functions of water in the human body.Distinguish between symptoms of mild, moderate, and severe dehydration.List the ways that fluid can be excreted from the body.A person who consumes a 2000 kcal diet should consume how many cups of fluid daily?What beverages count toward a person’s daily fluid intake needs?Which types of foods contain the most water? Which types of food contain the least amount of water?Which body organ is responsible for maintaining the body’s fluid homeostasis?What is a dietary supplement?How are dietary supplements regulated in the US—are they?6What is DSHEA of 1994? How does this relate to dietary supplements?Be able to identify and interpret key information on a dietary supplement label.What disclaimer must be present on dietary supplements that contain a structure-function claim?Who is responsible for ensuring the safety of dietary supplements? What safety concerns should be considered when choosing a dietary supplement?How can one identify the likelihood that a supplement is safe—USP, NSF,
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