INTEGRATION OF METABOLISM TEST1) Products of glycolysis2 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 Pyruvate2) What is produced in anaerobic metabolism?Lactate and NAD+ to allow for the continuation of glycolysis3) Term used to describe how the TCA cycle makes CO2Oxidative decarboxylation4) Acetyl CoA joins with ________ to make Citrate in the TCA cycleOxaloacetate5) Products of TCA cycle per one Acetyl CoA 3 NADH, 1 FADH, 1 ATP and 2 CO26) Beta oxidation- each round produces ____ NADH and ____ FADHOne and one7) A 16 C fatty acid will go through how many rounds producing how many NADH, FADH and Acetyl CoA7 rounds (7 NADH and 7 FADH) and 8 Acetyl CoA8) What are the purely ketogenic AA?Leucine and lysine9) What are the AA that are both ketogenic and glucogenic?isoleucine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine10) How do fatty acids get to Acetyl CoA?Transfer of FA to mitochondria with carnitine transferase and then beta oxidation of FA 11) What are the two paths AA can go?To acetyl CoA (ketogenic- making ketone bodies)Or to TCA cycle making NADH/FADH12) Some glucose gets stores as _____ for times of fastingGlycogen13) Acetyl-CoA is also used for ____, not just to make energy FA synthesis 14) What are the two steps needed for fatty acids to be made into acetyl-CoA?Transfer of FA to mitochondria with carnitine transferaseBeta oxidation of FA to get Acetyl-CoA15) What are the two possible paths AA can go to?To acetyl CoA  ketone bodies (ketogenic)To TCA cycle  reducing equivalents (glucognic)16) What are the products of the TCA cycle per one Acetyl-CoA?2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH, 1 ATP 17) What happens in the electron transport chain?Phosphorylation of ADP  ATPH2O reduced 18) What happens with the extra Acetyl-CoA when we “over-consume” nutrients?FA synthesis19) Brain tissue: fuels used and releaseUsed: mostly glucose and ketone bodies; some lactateReleased: lactate20) Skeletal tissue: fuels used and releasedUsed: glucose (from blood and glycogen stores), free FA (coming from blood and breakdown of TGA from adipose tissue), TGA, BCAA, lactateReleased: lactate, alanine, glutamine21) Heart tissue: fuels used and releasedUsed: free FA, TGA, ketone bodies, glucose, lactateNo fuels released22) Heart is almosty entirely aerobic and has preference for what as energy sourceLipids23) Liver tissue: fuels used and releasedUsed: AA, free FA, lactate, glycerol, glucose, alcoholReleased: glucose, ketone bodies, lactate, TGA24) Liver has a preference for what as energy sourceAA and lipids (don’t really want carbohydrates)25) Intestine: fuels used and releasedUsed: glucose and glutamineReleased: lactate and alanine26) RBC’s: fuels used and releasedUsed: glucoseReleased: lactate27) Kidney: fuels used and releasedUsed: glucose, free FA, ketone bodies, lactate, glutamineReleased: glucose28) Adipose tissue: fuels used and releasedUsed: glucose and TGAReleased: glycerol, free FA, lactate (when we are in between meals, these things are released for energy or substrate of gluconeogenesis)29) The main regulator that if activated gives a global change for what happens in the body (maintaining energy status in the cell)AMP kinase30) What happened to hypothalamic neurons when AMP K is active? What does this mean about the energy in the cell?This activate hypothalamic neurons  NPY, AgRP  energy expenditure decreased and food intake is increasedThere has been ATP used which has converted to AMP (meaning there is a decrease in energy status of the cell)31) What does hypothalamic neuron important for?Appetite32) What happens to acetyl-CoA carboxylase when AMP kinase is activated? Why is this happening?There is less energy in the cell  don’t want to make FA  inhibit acetyl CoA carboxylase  inhibits Malonyl-CoA and upregulated CPT 1  decrease in hepatic FA, TGA and VLDL synthesis and increases FA oxidation(we don’t want to make fat but use it)33) Activated AMP kinase does what to glycogen synthaseUpregulates  glycogen synthesis34) Effect of AMP K on gluconeogenesis and why?CRTCT  PEPCK/G6Pase  decreased gluconeogenesis (gluconeogenesis is energy demanding) 35) mTOR affects what type of proteins and how?Any protein that isn’t a structural proteinUpregulating mTOR  increasing protein synthesis at the same time as downregulating breakdown 36) The pancreas has endocrine and exocrine glands. Which ones have ducts?Exocrine37) In the pancreas ______ cells are used for glucagon while ______ cells are for insulinAlpha- glucagonBeta- insulin38) In beta cell of pancreas, _______ allow for glucose transport into beta cell, which then we secrete and release insulin into the bodyGLUT transporters39) What is the most potent stimulator of insulin secretion after consuming a meal?Carbohydrates40) Insulin is (anabolic/catabolic)?Anabolic41) How do alpha cells know to secrete glucagon?Senses decrease in bloog glucose concentration and when it senses it, it secrete out glucagon42) Glucagon is (anabolic/catabolic)Largely catabolic43) What is the process that occurs after glucose has come in from a meal starting at glucosehomeostasisMove to pancrease, we increase insulin secretion and decrease glucagon Move through blood to liver or muscle tissue:In liver: increased glucose utilization, glycogenesis, lipogenesis and decreased glucose production, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysisIn muscle: increased glucose uptake and utilizationBack to homeostatsis44) In the liver, what is the glucose transporter and how is glucose intake regulated?GLUT-2 and phosphorylation reactions45) In muscle and adipose tissue, what is glucose transporter and how is glucose intake regulated?GLUT-4, it is insulin-sensitive transporter so it regulates 46) In a faster state, what is the process starting at glucose homeostasisPancreas: decreased insulin and increased glucagonTo liver or muscle:In liver: decreased glucose utilization, glycogenesis, lipogenesis and increased glucose production, glucogneogenesis and glycogenolysisMuscle: decrease glucose uptake and utilization47) Trends of glucose, insulin and glucagon in the body after consuming meal with carbSharp increase in glucose, peaks at an hour and declines sharply Insulin same trend as glucoseGlucagon starts pretty high, sharp decrease, but 2-4 hours increases level slowly48) When insulin binds to its receptors what happens?Phosphorylation and dephosphorization reactions occur via kinases49) What are some different insulin actions that can occur due to