NUTR 2030 4 20 15 Nutrition in Pregnancy Infancy Preparing for Pregnancy Fetal Origins Hypothesis the cells of your child are being preprogrammed right now depending on the parent s lifestyle choices A potential parent has to be concerned with their nutrition choices now in order to have a healthy child later on A child s health at birth is gauged on their birth weight Ideal birth weight 6 5 8 pounds up to 10 pounds can be okay Full gestation pregnancy is considered about 37 42 weeks and is the healthiest window for the baby to be born allows for adequate weight gain and maximum nutrient absorption Adequate Nutrition Decreases the risk of maternal complications Ensures normal fetal tissue growth Decreases the risk of chronic disease Increases the likelihood of optimal birth weight Inadequate Nutrition Increases the risk of maternal complications Increases prenatal morbidity and mortality the U S still has a relatively high infant death rate Increases the risk of chronic disease including obesity Maternal Weight Gain Low weight gain vs Excessive weight gain Low birth weight infants Up to 3 and pounds up to 5 and pounds Higher risk of infant mortality higher risk of obesity higher risk of chronic disease if a baby does not weigh enough at birth it might lead to overfeeding and hyperplasia creation of fat cells so it increases the infant s potential for obesity later in life If the mother does not gain enough weight during pregnancy Low birth rate risk groups 1 Teenagers 2 African Americans 3 Hispanic Americans It is important to gain weight during pregnancy For a normal weight and BMI woman she should gain No more than 4 pounds in the first trimester Approximately 1 pound per week during the second and third trimesters about 26 pounds Needs to come from nutrient dense foods 2nd trimester woman should be eating about 340 more calories per day than usual 3rd trimester woman should be eating about 452 more calories per day than usual a woman should be consuming an additional 25 grams of protein each day during both the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy Too little weight game can increase the risk of pre term and SGA small gestational age infants Too much weight gain can increase the risk of post partum weight retention Nutritional Needs During Pregnancy complete and complementary incomplete protein foods it is important to obtain these calories from nutrient dense foods Energy increased BMR increases energy kcal needs minimum of 175 grams of carbohydrates per day about 12 servings Protein supports fetal growth need extra 25 grams per day minimum of 71 grams per day Essential Fatty Acids are important for fetal growth and development Linoleic Acid LA Alpha Linolenic Acid ALA EPA DHA fatty fish Consume 8 to 12 ounces per week Limit white albacore tuna to less than 6 ounces per week chunk light is okay It is VERY important to AVOID mercury containing fish Examples include swordfish tilefish shark king mackerel Nutrients to Consume Folic acid prevents neural tube defects spina bifida important to consume before pregnancy Vitamin B12 assists with metabolism Iron zinc calcium Should take an iron dietary supplement but dark red meats but spinach raisins and legumes are good sources of non heme iron as well Calcium for bone development Vitamin D for calcium absorption and bone homeostasis Nutritional Concerns During Pregnancy Morning Sickness usually first trimester has to do with hormonal changes Pregnancy Pops Keep blood sugar stable Investigate use of vitamin B6 ginger Pica craving non food substances as a result of the lack of iron There is debate about whether it is an eating disorder or a nutrition deficiency Listeriosis foodborne bacterial illness that can be extremely harmful for pregnant women Food sources soft unpasteurized cheese deli meats hot dogs unheated unpasteurized juices smoked seafood raw sprouts Toxoplasmosis parasitic disease caused by a protozoan can lead to a miscarriage if contracted during pregnancy Mother can contract it by the improper handling of cat litter or handling ingesting contaminated meat
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