Study Guide Test #5Beef- Protein in ruminantso Non-ruminant:  High quality protein in diet  high quality protein in tissues Medium quality protein in diet  medium quality protein in tissues Low quality protein in diet  low quality protein in tissueso Ruminant: High quality protein in diet medium quality protein in tissues Medium quality protein in diet  medium quality protein in tissues Low quality protein in diet  medium quality protein in tissueso Remember that ruminants have microbes that can change the nature of proteins- Rumen degradable proteino RDP (nonprotein nitrogen)- the portion of dietary protein that can be degraded in the rumen, the largest of the multi-compartmental stomach, by microorganisms (both bacteria and protozoa) that use the protein to manufacture high quality microbial cell proteins, also known as microbial crude protein (MCP) o RUP content is not constant across feedstuffso Sources High: NPN, CG (corn gluten) Feed, soybean mill, cottonseed (good source of RDP) Low: CSM, wet brewer’s grains, CG meal - Rumen Undegradable Protein:o RUP: the portion of dietary protein that escapes degradation by ruminal microorganisms and is passed into the small intestine for digestion and absorption. The proportion of total feed protein that is undegradable is not constant from one feedstuff to another. Although frequently referred to as bypass proteins, they technically do not bypass the rumen, but are simply notutilized by the microorganisms as a substrate to make MCP. They do not “bypass” the rumen they are just not used in the rumen and go on through absorption and then absorbed later in its true form as its amino acid. - How much protein do beef animals need?o If CP= RDP = RUPo RDP MCPo MCP +RUP =MP CP- Crude protein MCP-microbial crude protein- “The National Academies of SciencesEngineeringMedicine”o Beef NRC: 8 Revisions since 1944, newest released this year- Life stage considerationso Calf requirements Energy, proteino Gestation requirements- will need an increase in basically everything because now she is feeding for two now instead of one Protein (will gradually increase), energy, vitamins, minerals, o Lactation requirements Calcium, energy (really need this)o Development requirements (heifer and bull)- you want to restrict them a little bit, project out what you want them to grow and then make a diet for them. (you don’t want to over grow or over develop). Protein (growing requirements)o Growing requirements (beef) Energy (how much can you get in them in safely and quickly) - Requirement Calculationso Requirements are formulated by a committee using reported data from research studieso The committee has developed equations that used to calculate requirements based on various factors  Life stage Production goal  Environment o Can be complicated: NEm Numerous factors (age, physiological state, wind speed, temperature, heat production, terrain, breed, hide cleanliness, etc.)o Can be less complicated: MPmaint = 3.8 Ü SBW0.75 SBW- shrunk body weight  tries to calculate the actual weight of the body (we typically think of this as 96% of the live weight) - 4% (6-6%) is the rumen and other yucky stuff- Fescue Toxicosiso Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea; Kentucky 31) is an abundant forage source in the southeasto It is resistant to environmental dangers  Poor soil  Drought Nematodes and insectso The fungus grows on the grass and helps it survive o These traits are caused by a fungal endophyteNeotyphodium coenophialumo The fungal endophyte produces copounds call ergot alkaloidso These compounds are toxic to animalsVaried responses in livestock specieso Detrimental effects includeDecreased DMI (dry matter intake)Decreased rate of grainDecreased conception rates and calf weightsAgalactia (the onset or production milk)Maintained rough hair coat“Fescue foot” (shed the hoof because of decrease in blood flow)o The predominant reduction of beef production in the southeastBroiler -o How did the water pressure effect the chicken house as a whole Water is the first thing he checks for  Water is the most important o Energy and calories are the most expensive component of the diet  Also the biggest component o Sources of the energy o Know the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd limiting amino acids he mentioned o Feed ingredients- amino acids Know the primary/secondary examples o Feed formulation o Ended with that first slide setEquine- You have a horse in maintenance that isn’t doing anything, what type of diet would you give it?o Hay, pastureo If you stepped up the work of said horse how would you step up the diet? Add grain to it. - HORSES CANT VOMIT  Cant vomit, strong cardiac sphincter muscle in stomach prevents this.o This is what makes it so important for nutritionist to get the most out of the hind gut.- A horse is a colonic fermenter (hindgut fermenter) o Which means that most of the horses’ fermentation happens in the colon - The longest part of the horse’s digestive tract is the small intestine 30% of tract volume, 75% of GIT length o Most of the digestion happens here except for roughage- A horse does not have a gall bladdero The liver continuously produces bile and doesn’t need anywhere to store it.  This is why it is so important for horses to continue to eat all day. - Laminitis- the detachment in the hoof wall and rotation of the hoofo Caused by hydrolysable carbohydrates which is caused by feeding too much starch (corn grains)- Categories of horses and how proteins protain to that categoryo Maintenance- basic requirements of lifeo Growth- young animalso Gestation- particularly the last three monthso Lactation- first 3 monthso Work- depends on the activity  Light, moderate, intense- Geriatric- not mentioned in the NRC 7.5-20% of US horse population in geriatric  We don’t talk about their nutritional needs and they are totally different. Considerations- Environments- Feeding protocols- Body condition- Nutrition- Dentition  Fiber digestion Vitamin absorption- Non-protein nitrogeno Urea High in N (46%) Can be toxic in horse Little to no nutritional benefit to horsesPet food industry- Toxicology- Dose defines toxicanto Even water can be toxic depending on the dose- Two types of responseo Graded dose response (individual)- personal levelo Quantal dose response (population- all or