NUTR 2030 4 22 15 Nutrition in Infancy Infancy is defined as from birth to 1 year of age The best source of nutritional intake for infants is breast milk Advised by the American Academy of Pediatrics World Health Organization etc Recommended to be exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life An child should not consume cow s milk until one year of age could cause Introduce complementary foods by six months of life internal bleeding stomach bleeding Breastfeeding past 12 months of age should be based on mutual decision between mother and infant Breastfeeding is a healthy natural way for women to lose some of the excess weight fat storage that she gained during pregnancy Benefits for the Mother 1 Oxytocin release uterine contraction and reduced post partum blood loss 2 Prolactin relaase delays ovulation birth spacing 3 Post partum weight loss 4 Reduction in breast cancer ovarian cancer and rheumatoid arthritis 5 Psychological benefits reduced post partum depression and improved self confidence 6 Reduced food costs annual formula cost 1500 Benefits for Infant 1 Nutritionally Complete for first 6 months of life 2 Immune support o T and B Lymphocytes o Immunoglobins o Histocompatibility antigens o Bifidus factors o Nutrient carrier proteins iron and vitamin b12 3 Reduced infant mortality particularly from SIDS 4 Reduced occurance of infant acute illness 5 Reduced risk of allergens 6 Reduced risk of chronic illness 7 Reduced risk of childhood obesity 8 Improved cognitive function Infant should take Vitamin D supplement of 400 IU per day administered orally via a medicine dropper while being breastfeed Clearing Up Breastfeeding Confusion Should flavored spicy or gassy foods be avoided no not necessarily If a women eats a varied diet it actually stimulates more infant feeding Should allergen containing foods be avoided Peanuts gluten etc no evidence to suggest that avoiding them will reduce the risk of food allergies and no evidence to suggest that eating them will cause food allergies Should caffeine be avoided could potentially trigger hyperactivity in the baby but women can have up to 200 mg per day while pregnant and breastfeeding Should alcohol be avoided yes Can lead to fetal alcohol syndrome neurological and physical deformities Alcohol may be consumed in moderation during lactation It can take up to 2 hours for the alcohol to be cleared out of the breast milk if she has one standard drink of alcohol Introduction of Complementary foods Age 4 to 6 months Introduce solid foods with iron fortified rice cereal rice is a very hypoallergenic food Gradually transition to other iron fortified cereals whole wheat cereal oatmeal cereal multigrain cereal additional new foods should not be introduced sooner than 3 7 days after each other Age 6 to 8 months Add strained vegetables before fruits because of the sweetness factor Plain vegetables green peas potatoes carrots sweet potatoes squash beans Plain fruits banana applesauce apricots pears peaches melon Age 8 to 12 months Add strained then chopped meats General Principles Add single food ingredients one at a time at intervals of 2 to 7 days between to assess for allergies and intolerances DO NOT feed honey corn syrup to an infant less than 12 months old could lead to foodborne illness that leads to neurological damage DO NOT feed cow s milk until after 1 year of age and then provide only Be cautious of choking hazard foods cut things like cheese sticks into tiny WHOLE milk bite size pieces Inappropriate beverages for an infant include Caffeinated beverages Sugar sweetened beverages Herbal beverages and products Water and electrolyte replacement beverages should be used sparingly even Low calorie or non nutritive sweetener beverages and products with illness Not adequate in kcals and nutrients Provision of Juice to Infants May begin to offer 100 juice after 6 months of age limit intake to no more than 4 6 fluid ounces per day provide only in a cup not a sippy cup the sugar can coat the babies teeth and lead to early childhood caries ECC or cavities should always be pasteurized should only be complementary to breast milk infant formula Nutrition in Childhood Definitions Infant an individual from birth to 1 year of age Toddler an individual between 1 and 3 years of age Child an individual between 3 and 12 years of age Adolescent an individual between 12 and 21 years of age Early adolescence age 13 to 15 Middle adolescence age 15 to 17 Late adolescence age 18 to 21 Toddler Feeding Practices Avoid force feeding investigate if not wanting to eat Ability to self regulate energy intake Note cues for hunger and satiety Consider timing of meal Space meals and snacks two hours apart average feeding of 7 times per day 3 meals and 4 snacks Focus on nutrient dense foods Introduce new foods to toddlers patiently one new food at a time It may take 8 to 15 repeated exposures before they accept it Food Jags common in toddlers and young children When they love one certain food so much that they only want to eat that certain food all the time and will refuse to eat much else To address Food Jags schedule Parent Role to decide what foods to offer and to determine the meal for example peas or carrots making the child eat one but letting them pick which one they want to eat Child role to decide what food to select and how much to eat Provide choices make both options healthy Serve new foods along with familiar foods Mrs Hutcheon flew through the rest of the notes about nutrition in childhood and did not really cover much of the information on nutrition in older adulthood but it WILL be on the test Be sure to study this information directly from the powerpoints