Binge drinking can lead to heart problems brain problems etc and even death Factors that impact the effect of alcohol include NUTR 2030 2 4 15 Frequency of consumption Amount consumed Whether or not food was consumed Age and gender Health history Genetics It is recommended that if people do not already drink they should not start even for preventative health reasons People who should avoid alcohol Alcoholics and binge drinkers Those who are under the legal drinking age Women of childbearing age even if they are not already pregnant Women who are pregnant People who take certain medications People with certain medical conditions People involved in attention demanding tasks American Heart Association states that moderation is key and cautions people to not start drinking if they do not already Functional Properties of Alcohol Polyphenols Antioxidant inhibits LDL oxidation platelet aggregation Location under skin peeling of fruit red grapes Resveratrol Alcohol Things to consider Phytoalexin antibiotic compound Location grape skins Increase HDL Improve insulin sensitivity small to moderate intake Antioxidants variety of fresh fruits and vegetables Impact on platelets omega 3s and daily baby asprin Impact on HDL physical activity changed in dietary fat intake weight loss Insulin sensitivity weight loss and healthy diet Remember Cardiovascular benefits require consistent daily light to moderate drinking no heavy or binge drinking Requires the consumption of red wine before or during evening meal only 1 or 2 drinks depending on your gender Heavy and binge drinking can cause things such as hypertension atrial fibrilation A fib stroke and cardiomyopathy Can cause cirrhosis of the liver destroys the cells and can never be repaired Nutrition Digestion and Absorption Primary roles of the GI Tract 1 Digestion chemical and mechanical the process by which the body takes the food we consume and breaks it down into its individual nutrient components Mechanical is chewing chemical is via enzymes produced in the salivary glands enzymes in saliva help to break down sugars and milk fat 2 Absorption nutrients being transported from the small intestine to the blood stream Ex peanut butter and jelly sandwich carbs and incomplete protein from the bread protein and MUFA fat from peanut butter simple carbs from jelly The body strips all of these nutrients apart into individual amino acids fatty acids and sugars Release of components mostly occurs in the small intestine and the nutrients are then absorbed into the blood stream Primary organs of GI Tract Upper GI tract mouth esophagus stomach Accessory organs Lower GI tract small intestine Function swallowing transit from mouth to stomach peristalsis Esophagus Stomach Small intestine very acidic pH of approximately 2 churns food Function partial digestion of food Function main site for food digestion and absorption 3 segments duodenum jejunum ileum Absorptive capacity maximized surface area maximize nutrient absorption fingerlike projections called villi and microvilli increase surface area in which enzymes can act and cells can absorb nutrients Rapid cellular turnover Large Intestine Colon Sections ascending transverse descending sigmoid Function final reabsorption of electrolytes and water secretion of mucus K bicarbonate Passage of material through colon takes 12 70 hours Pancreas Two types of cells 1 Endocrine cells ductless 2 Exocrine cells ancinar Pancreatic juice 1 bicarbonate 2 electrolytes 3 Pancreatic digestive enzymes proteases pancreatic a enzyme pancreatic lipase Liver Main role in digestion synthesis of bile comes mainly from cholesterol Largest single organ in the body Gallbladder Main role concentrate and store bile until needed in small intestine When you eat fat it goes into the small intestine and signals the gallbladder to contract and secrete bile into the small intestine End products of digestion Fat fatty acids and glycerol Carbohydrates glucose fructose and galactose Protein amino acids and small peptides Vitamins and minerals Water Absorption nutrients to cells Vessels infiltrate the villi in the small intestine and systems distribute Circulatory system water soluble portal vein liver hepatic vein heart heart pumps nutrients throughout the body Lymphatic system fat soluble hepatic vein heart heart pumps nutrients throughout the body Nutrient Metabolism CHO Regulatory Hormones 3 key hormoes 1 Insulin Beta cells pancreas helps to reduce sugar down get it out of the bloodstream and into a cell 2 Glucagon Alpha cells pancreas breaks down glycogen to raise blood sugar levels when they become low 3 Epinephrine adrenal medulla quickly releases sugar to provide a quick source of energy Glycolysis metabolic pathway to split sugar Location cytoplasm Glucose 2 pyruvates Entrance point for ALL carbohydrates to ATP Glycogenesis glucose glycogen Regulated by insulin storage 1 Liver major site more important in BG homeostasis 2 Skeletal muscle and adipose majority stored in muscles Glycogenolysis glycogen glucose Regulated by glucagon liver and adipose and epinephrine liver and muscle release Glucose enters into glycolysis 2 pyruvate for ATP Gluconeogenesis protein fat glucose Main location liver Creastion of glucose from non CHO sources lactate pyruvate glycerol certain amino acids When CHO intake and utilization is inadequate Not the body s preffered or safest energy source