Ch 11 Corrections Vocab Notes Vocab 1 2 Prison A state or federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for terms of one year or more Jail A place to detain people awaiting trial to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less than one year 3 Hulks Abandoned ships anchored in harbors and used in 18th century England to house 4 Walnut Street Jail An 18th century institution that housed convicted criminals in prisoners Philadelphia 5 Penitentiary House Term used for early prisons so named because inmates were supposed to do penitence for their sins 6 Congregate System Prison system first used in New York that allowed inmates to engage in group activities such as work meals and recreation 7 Pennsylvania System The correctional model used in Pennsylvania that isolated inmates from one another prevent them from planning escapes to make them easy to manage and to give them time to experience penitence 8 Contract System The practice of correctional officials selling the labor of inmates to 9 Convict Lease System The practice of leasing inmates to a business for a fixed annual private businesses fee 10 Medical Model A correctional philosophy grounded on the belief that inmates are sick people who need treatment rather than punishment to help them reform 11 Penal Harm A philosophy based on the belief that harsh treatment while serving a correctional sentence will convince offenders that crime does not pay thereby lowering the chances of recidivism 12 Maximum Security Prison A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measures high walls and limited contact with the outside world 13 Super Maximum Security Prison The newest form of a maximum security prison that uses high level security measures to incapacitate the nation s most dangerous criminals Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours a day 14 Medium Security Prison A less secure institution that houses nonviolent offenders and provides more opportunities for contact with the outside world 15 Minimum Security Prison The least secure institution which houses white collar and nonviolent offenders maintains few security measures and has liberal furlough and visitation policies 16 Boot Camp A short term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline 17 Halfway House A community based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright release so they can become gradually acclimated to conventional society PowerPoint Notes Jail vs Prison Jail is for misdemeanor offenses punishable by less than one year Prison is for felony offenses punishable by more than a year First American prisons Built in Pennsylvania under leadership of William Penn History of US Corrections 1773 Newgate Prison was established 1785 Castle Island was established Historical Development of Prisons 1 The Pennsylvania System a 1790 b A form of imprisonment developed by the Pennsylvania Quakers as an alternative to corporal punishments c Focused on repentance through solitary confinement and encouraged rehabilitation d Emphasized rehabilitation through penance and the study of the bible was strongly encouraged of the inmates 2 The Auburn System a 1819 3 The Reformatory Movement a 1877 b A form of imprisonment developed in New York State that depended on mass prisons where prisoners were held in congregate fashion and required to remain silent c Emphasized labor and meditation d Inmates would attend group workshops and they reintroduced corporal punishments when handling offenders b Based on the use of the indeterminate sentence and a belief in the possibility of rehabilitation especially for youthful offenders c Focused on education to reform inmates i Norfolk Island an Australian prison when Maconochie was the warden He greatly improved the conditions of the prison and created a system of marks which inmates could earn credits to buy their freedom based on their behavior ii The Irish System Crofton incorporated the idea of early release from Norfolk Island and used it in the Irish system His system was based on progressive stages which ended with the prisoners being allowed to live and work in the community and being supervised occasionally He believed rehabilitation could not occur without reintegration into the community b Most prisons were smelting steel manufactured cabinets molded tires and turned out many other goods for the open market c The goal was to maximize use of the offender s labor during imprisonment There were six systems of inmate labor used during this period 4 Industrial Era a 1890 1935 1 Contract System 2 Piece price System 3 Lease System 4 Public Account System 5 State use System 6 Public works System Jails Jails serve 9 purposes 1 They receive individuals pending arraignment and hold them awaiting trial conviction or 2 They readmit probation parole and bail bond violators and absconders 3 They temporarily detain juveniles mentally ill and others pending transfers to appropriate 4 They hold individuals for the military protective custody for contempt and for the courts as sentencing facilities witnesses 5 They release convicted inmates to the community upon completion of their sentence 6 They transfer inmates to federal state or other authorities 7 They house inmates for federal state or other authorities because of overcrowding 8 They operate community based programs with day reporting home detention electronic monitoring or other types of supervision 9 They hold inmates sentenced to short terms Jail Population Statistics Population peaked in 2009 Today there are roughly 750 000 jail inmates nationwide Primarily adult males mostly white but disproportionately minority poor and young Los Angeles County Jail Is the Largest Jail in the U S New York City Jail Is Second Largest These two jails house 5 33 of all jail inmates Jailed women face a number of special problems Women and Jail inmates Only 25 7 of nation s jails report having a system specifically designed to evaluate female Fewer than half are high school graduates Not all jurisdictions provide separate housing areas for women More than 30 have a substance abuse problem at the time of admission In some parts of the country that figure may be as high as 70 4 are pregnant when they enter jail but 10 are reported to be pregnant on any given day New Generation Jails Built in clusters or pods
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