CCJ2020: Intro to Criminal Justice Final Exam Study GuideCassidy TevlinChapter 10: Jails and PrisonsEarly Jail Conditions:- Very deplorable conditions- Overcrowded- Prisoners were required to bring their own food/necessities- Prisoners who could not afford basic needs were allowed to die of starvation- Men, women and children were in the same cell- John Howard “State of Prisons” was influential to efforts at prison reformThe Walnut Street JailReforms include:- Humane physical facility- Adequate food- Adequate water - Separating men, women, and children- Prohibited alcohol- Separating debtors and the mentally ill- Were required to work but were paid for their labor and could earn early release with good behaviorIt failed because of overcrowding, which destroyed its ability to accomplish its mission.The Eastern State PenitentiaryPennsylvania Penitentiary: a correctional institution based on the concept that inmates could change their criminality through reflection and penitence.- Prisoners had individual cells and had to learn a skill to help support themselves- Prisoners were expected to read the bible- Goal of incarceration was to evoke penitence in the prisoner with the idea that guilt and remorse would lead to rehabilitation- Silent System was enforced - Corporal punishment was practically eliminatedThe Auburn SystemAuburn, New YorkWalled maximum-security prison with multiple-level inmate cells located in the center of a secured building.- Cells are back-to-back, stacked on top of another, often 5 tiers high, creating unique prison architecture.- The prison could combine their labor in larger and more profitable industries and construction projects.- Prison was virtually economically self-sufficient.- Congregate work system- cells were only for sleeping- In 1821, the New York legislature passed a law requiring that the “worst inmates” be placed in solitary confinement, confining an inmate so that there is no contact with other people- This led to prisoners committing suicide or having mental breakdowns, which forced the state to abandon solitary confinement.Challenges to the Correctional System:- Highest incarceration rate in the world- Half of all incarcerated are non-violent offenders- Causes of the highest incarceration rates in the world- The rising cost of incarcerationThe Rising Cost of Incarceration1. Education and Rehabilitation ProgramsLombroso-based correctional philosophies- that criminality is an inherited trait- was abandoned. Programs were introduced as a primary mission of prisons, which greatly added to their cost.2. Restrictions on Prison-Made Goods and ServicesDuring the Great depression, the government created laws prohibiting the sale of prison-made goods from competing with local businesses.3. Recognition of Prisoners Rights- the abandonment of the philosophy of civil deathfor incarcerated inmates resulted in significant increase in the cost of incarceration. - Civil Death: the legal philosophy that barred a prison inmate from bringing a lawsuit in a civil court related to his or her treatment while incarcerated or related to conditions of incarceration- Warren Court: The U.S. Supreme Court years (1953-1969) during which Chief Justice Earl Warren issued many landmark decisions greatly expanding the constitutional rights of inmates and defendants4. Number of Prisons- incarceration rates increasing, the number of prisons required increases 5. Cost of Corrections- state spending has increased 127%. The challenge is to reduce the cost of corrections without sacrificing public safety. Jails- Short-term multi-purpose holding facilities that serve as the gateway into the criminal justice system.- Managed by a sheriff’s office or county department of corrections employing only civilian personnel- Municipal jails should not be confused with police holding cells, booking cells, or lockup facilities.- Majority of inmates in local jails have not been convicted of a crime- Three types of jails: Native American Country jails, federal civilian jails, and local civilian jails.Native American Country JailsIncarcerate only Native Americans living in Native American country who have been sentenced by a Native American court for an offense committed there.- The max sentence is 1 year- About one-third are located in Arizona- Also suffer from overcrowding and other jail problems- Providing treatment and counseling to address the behavioral and addiction problems of inmates has been a challenge.Federal Civilian JailsThey only house inmates incarcerated for misdemeanor offenses (no more than a year)- Primary purpose- to hold federal jail inmates convicted of misdemeanor crimes and federal jail inmates awaiting adjunction or transfer.City and County JailsLocal jails face the most difficult challenges of the various correctional institutions- Jail conditions vary with the economic prosperity of the city or county. Functions of Locally Operated Jails• Receive individuals pending arraignment and hold them until trial, conviction, or sentencing• Readmit probation, parole, and bail-bond violators and absconders• Temporarily detain juveniles pending transfer to juvenile authorities• Hold people with mental illness pending their movement to appropriate health facilities• Hold individuals for the military, for protective custody, for contempt, and for the courts as witnesses• Release convicted inmates to the community upon completion of sentence• Transfer inmates to federal, state, and other authorities• House inmates for federal, state, or other authorities because of crowded facilities• Relinquish custody of temporary detainees to juvenile and medical authorities• Operate community-based programs with day reporting, home detention, electronicmonitoring, and other types of supervision• Hold inmates sentenced to short terms (generally a maximum of one year, but most sentences are much shorter)Prisoner Classification System- Prisoner classification is the reception and diagnosis of an inmate to decide the appropriate security level in which to place him or her and the services of placement.- Reception and diagnosis- Purpose: A primary reason for classifying and assigning prisoners to various security levels is to enhance the safety of the prison environment for both the inmates and the staff.- Jails use a modified form of classification that considers fewer inmate characteristicssuch as gender, age, security risk, and special populations.At the state’s
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