CCJ 2020 Introduction to Criminal Justice Exam 1 Study Guide Exam 1 Wednesday Feb 11th You will be responsible for Lectures 1 4 Guest Speaker Captain Larry Bourdeau Chapters 1 3 5 6 Areas to focus on Events that shaped the CJ system Civil Rights Movement Vietnam War Rising Crime Rate September 11th Civil rights movement a mass popular movement to secure for African Americans equal access to and opportunities for the basic privileges and rights of U S citizenship Although the roots of the movement go back to the 19th century it peaked in the 1950s and 1960s Due process criminal justice processing must be conducted with fairness and equality Guaranteed in the Bill of Rights specifically 5th 6th and 14th Amendments Substantive Due Process deals with whether law is constitutional Procedural Due Process deals with the process and procedure of how to convict someone without viola tion of due process rights fair convictions Due process deals with the rights of the accused when crime control is concerned about punishing the guilty Due process v crime control 1960s 1970s Due Process Concern for Individual Rights Presumption of Innocence Civil Rights Movement Past 25 years shift to Crime Control Concern for public order Victimology Movement 9 11 Attacks The switch between these two over time is like a pendulum Law without order is anarchy but order without law is tyranny Omnibus Crime Control Safe Streets Act of 1968 provided money to recommendations given to LBJ for fighting the war on crime ommendations LEAA Law Enforcement Assistance Administration Transferred funds to be able to fund those rec LEEP Law Enforcement Educational Program Promoted education in the field Funded by LEAA II Investigation A Probable Cause B Due Process Criteria otherwise case can be dismissed if not followed correctly C Documentation and Evidence CJ Process 1 Police 2 The Courts 3 Sentencing 4 Corrections Police I Discretion A Decide to investigate B Decide to arrest III Booking The Courts I Discretion A The decision to prosecute B Which charges to prosecute II First Appearance A Advised of Rights B Lawyer C Set Bail III Preliminary Hearing A Probable Cause Hearing B Judge IV Grand Jury A Panel of Citizens B True Bill Jury s decision that authorizes prosecutor to indict individual If grand jury dismisses to indict prosecutor can still search for preliminary hearing to indict individual Indictment formal legal document asserting probable cause that defendant committed an offense V Adjudication sentencing date or need for trial determined A Arraignment Hearing defendant says guilty or not guilty Sentencing I PSI Presentence Investigation Report helps determine which sentence is appropriate min max or anything in between II Sentencing Guidelines used to determine offender risk Takes discretion out of everything more fair Corrections I Institutional Corrections A Private for profit private companies B Public run by government II Probation before jail time front end process and Parole after jail time back end process A ISP Intensive Supervision Probation Can be probation or parole III Community Corrections A Aka Intermediate Sentencing B Also may be used as front end or back end process Victimology UCR NIBRS NCVS o Victim offender overlap phenomenon where a person s offending activity and victimiza tion experiences are positively correlated o Lifestyle theory vs routine activities vs rational choice vs victim precipitated UCR 1930 Congress passed federal legislation mandating the collection of crime data All FSUPD tribal police LAPD police departments in the US had to report their crime statistics to the FBI every month Crime Clock A method used by the FBI to report how often crimes occur i e murder every 36 minutes The UCR reports data for Part I and Part II offenses only 8 crimes 21 offenses Part I most serious of violent offenses murder nonnegligent manslaughter forcible rape rob bery aggravated assault property crimes of burglary larceny theft and motor vehicle theft Part II consist of 21 less serious offenses such as simple assult sex offenses drug abuse viola tions UCR standardized definitions of offenses and terminologies b c some states definitions of things like aggravated assault vary Includes all age groups Hierarchy Rule An old police method of counting only the most serious crime in a single incident in volving multiple crimes UCR Violent Crime Index The rate of crimes reported in the Part I offenses UCR s biggest flaw is the unreported crime happening in the nation NIBRS can t fix either NIBRS National Incident Based Reporting System Additional data about crimes is reported included information about the place of occurrence the weapon used the type and value of property damaged or stolen personal characteristics pf the offender and vic tim the nature of any relationship between the two and the disposition of the complaint Addresses flaw with hierarchy rule by counting all offenses ex both rape and robbery new methodology underlying the contemporary UCR Crime Count not incident count 8 major crimes and 49 other offenses Group A vs Group B UCR vs NIBRS Traditional UCR Hierarchy Rule Record each offense from incident Does not distinguish between attempted and completed crimes Distinguishes Records female rapes only Records male and female rapes Weapon information for murder robbery age assault Weapon info on all violent offenses Enhanced UCR NIBRS Counts for 8 major crimes and 21 other offenses 8 major crimes and 49 other offenses NCVS National Crime Victimization Survey helps determine unreported crime rape No disaggregation UCR allows for disaggregation Data form self reports of victimization via mail Omits data from children under 12 NO information on homicide Gives a national crime picture only Aggregate Add together Disaggregate take apart Clearance Rate The percentage of crimes that are solved versus crimes that are unsolved Solved means that the police believe they know the perpetrator of the crime Does not mean he she has been arrested prosecuted convicted or incarcerated It merely means the police are reasonable certain they know who committed the crime SHR Supplementary Homicide Report BJS Bureau of Justice Statistics NCJRS National Criminal Justice Reference Service Federal Criminal Laws Federal laws are found in US Constitution US Criminal Code Judicial Jurisdictions interpreting code Executive Orders Creating a Federal Law Checks and Balances Senate or House introduces President signs or
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