CCJ2020 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDECHAPTER 10-CHAPTER 11CHAPTER 12CHAPTER 13MOVIE “MICHAEL CLAYTON”- Michael Clayton: Kenner, Back, and Odeen law firm fixer- Movie start with a flashback of Clayton getting out of car and going up to horses then car blow up- Clayton owe a man a large sum of money for his brother debt- Clayton has a gambling problem and is broke- Arthur Eden. Firm senior partner has a breakdown while taking a deposition in a lawsuit against U-North, stripping naked in front on the girl suing U-North, Anna- Eden no longer wants to be a defendant for U-North after discovery many important facts about the company being up to no good.- Clayton son tells Eden about a book called “Realm and Conquest” a suggested read with characters similar to what Eden is going through- Men hired by U-North agent, Crowder, to watch Eden and bug his phone- Eden makes a tape of a U-North commercial recording; makes a phone call, and starts mocking the commercial and blurt out consequences for things found in a U-North report- Agents inform Crowder about this and she suggest killing him- Agents go in and kill Eden making it look suicidal- Clayton hear of the death and does not believe Eden committed suicide- Clayton illegal get copy to Eden apart and go and find book “Realm and Conquest” with a copy receipt in it- He goes to the copy place and Eden has requested a copy of a number of pages with the U-Northreport- Crowder know Clayton is on to them and attempts to kill him (the flashback of the car blowing up)- Clayton lives and approach Crowder with the evidence and Crowder and her men are arrested. PEW 2008 Report on Racial Effects A PEW study in 2008 underscored the severity of racial effects on blacks. The ratio of the population in custody for adults is 1:100, for white males it's 1:108, for black males it's 1:15, and for young black men it's 1:9. Wacquant (2001) acknowledged four social control institutions that are intimately linked to the core of economy that have resulted in the exclusion of blacks: 1) Slavery (pre-Civil War): plantation where blacks were fixed labor; 2) Jim Crow Laws (1865-1965): agrarian where blacks were fixed labor; 3) Ghetto (1915-1968): manufacturing where blacks were free mobile labor; 4) Hyper-Ghetto/Prison (1968+): polarized post-industrial (service) where blacks were fixed surplus labor.Tonry (1995) also noted that the social control of blacks occurred through the intensification of criminal justice systems in the 1980s and 1990s via restructuring of drug laws via federal guidelines. Tonry (1998) also noted that the problem is not biased decision-making by criminal justice officials but the adoption of policies that are known to affect minority offenders disproportionately. PROSECUTORIAL DISCRETIONSENTENCING IN CONTEXTRUTH OUT ARTICLEWAR ON DRUGS TIMELINE- Late 1960s: Recreational drug use rises in U.S. o In late 1960s recreational drug use becomes fashionable among young, white, middle class Americans. - 1968: Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs is founded.o The Johnson administration consolidates several drug agencies into the Justice Dept.'s Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (BNDD). The move is intended to diminish turfwars between the various agencies, but tensions between the BNDD and Customs continue.- 1969: Operation Intercept essentially closes the Mexican border.o In an attempt to reduce marijuana smuggling from Mexico, the Customs Dept., under Commissioner Myles Ambrose, subjects every vehicle crossing the Mexican border to a three-minute inspection. The operation lasts two weeks and wreaks economic havoc on both sides of the border. Mexico agrees to more aggressively attack marijuana trade, but the operation didn't seriously impact the flow of marijuana into U.S.- 1970: NORML is founded.o The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) is founded by Keith Stroup. The group lobbies for decriminalization of marijuana.o Narcotics Treatment Administration is founded. The Nixon administration provides funds to allow Dr. Robert DuPont to expand his methadone program in Washington D.C. The program is controversial because some believe methadone to be nothing more than a substitute for heroin, and others feel there are racial undertones behind the effort. However, one year after the program begins burglaries in D.C. decrease by 41%.o Congress passes the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act This law consolidates previous drug laws and reduces penalties for marijuana possession. It also strengthens law enforcement by allowing police to conduct "no-knock" searches. This act includes the Controlled Substances Act, which establishes five categories ("schedules") for regulating drugs based on their medicinal value and potential for addiction.- 1971: Nixon declares war on drugs.o At a press conference Nixon names drug abuse as "public enemy number one in the United States." He announces the creation of the Special Action Office for Drug Abuse Prevention (SAODAP), to be headed by Dr. Jerome Jaffe, a leading methadone treatment specialist. During the Nixon era, for the only time in the history of the war on drugs, the majority of funding goes towards treatment, rather than law enforcement.- 1972: The Office of Drug Abuse Law Enforcement is founded.o The Nixon Administration creates the Office of Drug Abuse Law Enforcement (ODALE) toestablish joint federal/local task forces to fight the drug trade at the street level. Myles Ambrose is appointed director.- 1973: The Drug Enforcement Administration is established.o President Nixon sets up this "super agency" to handle all aspects of the drug problem. The DEA consolidates agents from the BNDD, Customs, the CIA and ODALE. The administrator of the new agency is John R. Bartels.- 1974: President Nixon resigns.o The new Ford administration is preoccupied with inflation, jobs and an energy crisis. The DEA remains the legacy of Nixon's war on drugs.- 1975: Ford administration releases White Paper on Drug Abuse.o The Domestic Council Drug Abuse Task Force releases a report that recommends that "priority in Federal efforts in both supply and demand reduction be directed toward those drugs which inherently pose a greater risk to the individual and to society." The White Paper names marijuana a "low priority drug" in contrast to heroin, amphetamines and mixed barbiturates.- 1978: Asset forfeiture introducedo The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act is
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