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The Value of Date!Data are valuable and can be used to!•shape public policy!◦how to deal with homeless, weed and seed programs (go into socially ‣disorganized neighborhood, weed out the bad stuff and seed in better things)!analyze and evaluate existing programs!◦create new programs!◦plan new laws!◦develop funding requests!◦!Sources of Data!Nationally, crime statistics come from two major sources:!•Uniform Crime Reports (secondary data "incomplete")(also known as the ◦UCR/NIBRS Program)!It's free to the public. you can see if you can move into a different area ‣and analyze the crime level in that area. !Drawbacks: police departments are voluntarily giving info to FBI. Not all ‣departments participate since it's voluntary. And different definitions of "crime" depending on the police. !National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) two times a year they call ◦houses and survey crime. Contains a population that we probably want to survey because it comes from people who don't report the crime. Ex: sexual battery. !Drawbacks: people lie, surveys could be biased etc. !‣Recall: very difficult. To help people recall information, the ‣phrasing of the sentence is very important. !Anchoring- tying some event to a certain time will help recall!•Additionally, data are available from:!•Professional organizations (example: PERF)!◦Offender self-reports!◦They lie to make themselves look better in front of their peers. !‣!Uniform Crime Reports!The reports began in 1930. !•Data are collected by F.B.I!•Approx. 16,000 police agents report crime data. !•!UCR: Index Crime!Part 1 Offenses!Violent Crime!•murder, rape, robbery, assault!◦Property Crime!•Burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, arson!◦!NIBRS: The New UCR!National Incident Based Reporting System!•Incident driven, rather than summary based!•FBI started this program in 1988!◦City, county, state, and federal law enforcement agencies furnished detailed ◦data on crime and arrest activities at the incident level. !The NIBRS isn't a separate report; it's the new methodology underlying the ◦modern-day UCR system. !!NIBRS!The new UCR/NIBRS is much more detailed than the old UCR system, •including data on:!place of occurrence!◦weapon used!◦type and value of property damaged or stolen!◦the personal characteristics of the victim and offender!◦nature of victim-offender relationship!◦-22 offenses include:!kidnapping !◦larceny !◦grand theft auto!◦pornography!◦prostitution!◦narcotic offenses!◦embezzlement, extortion, arson, assault, bribery, burglary, counterfeiting, ◦vandalism, gambling, homicide, fraud, weapons violations, robbery, forcible sex offenses, non-forcible sex offenses, receiving stolen property. !!Major Shifts in Crime Rates!Early 1940's- Sharp drop in crime rate as many young men went into WW2. !1.1960's early 1990's- dramatic increase in crime rates as police professionalism 2.and victim reporting grew. ! -This is because it was a time of social change, urbanization, lead!3. 1991-2006- Significant decline in most major crime rates as funding for crime ! rates as funding for crime fighting increase and may embrace a "get tough" attitude. !4. 2006-on- Violent crime rates start to rise again pushed by economic uncertainty, more teens, copycat crimes, and social disorganization. !!UCR/NIBRS: Crime Rates!-crime rate= number of crimes/100,000 population. !Rates allow for comparison across areas and times. !•Clearance Rate= number of crimes solved/ number of crimes committed!!Murder:!The unlawful killing of a human being by another. !•Includes all willful and unlawful homocides!‣Non-negligent manslaughter (no legal intent, copable, responsible) !‣Excludes:!◦Suicides!‣Deaths caused by accidents or negligence!‣Attempted murders!‣Data on Murder!Least likely Part 1 offense to occur!•High clearance rate!•Murders are more common during warmer months and in southern states!•Most victims and perpetrators are age 20-24!•Weapon most often used: firearms!•Victim and offender are often "acquaintances"!•!Forcible Rape!Sexual Assault and Sexual Battery- one is the intent to do something, battery is •the intent and carry through of the action. !-One of the most underreported violent crimes due to:!thinking the police wont be able to catch the suspect!‣Believe police will be unsympathetic !‣Want to avoid embarrassment and avoid friends/family from knowing!‣Fear reprisal by the rapist and additional "victimization" by court ‣proceedings!!!!Robbery!The unlawful taking or attempted taking of property that is in the immediate •possession of another by force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear. !Excludes: pick pocketing, purse snatching (robbery by sudden snatching)!◦!Aggravated Assault!Unlawful inflicting of serious injury upon the person of another. !•Includes: !◦attempted assaults, especially when a deadly weapon is used !‣The possible use of a gun,knife!‣Excludes:!◦simple assaults (fist, punching etc) !‣!Burglary !Unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft !•Types of burglaries:!◦forcible entry !‣unlawful entry without force!‣attempted forcible entry !‣!Larceny-Theft!unlawful taking or attending taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property •from the possession of another !!Part 2 Offenses!less serious than Part 1!•offenses and include many social order offenses such as!•simple assault!◦DUI!◦Prostitution!◦Vandalism!◦Receiving stolen property !◦!NCVS!National crime victimization survey!•began operation in 1972!◦based on victim self-reports!◦Designed to measure the "dark figure" of crime. !•Uses data collected by the Bureau of Justice Statistics!•More than 43,000 households are surveyed twice per year !•Measures "households" touched by crimes !•Includes data on:!•rape!◦robbery!◦assault!◦burglary!◦personal and household larceny !◦motor vehicle theft!◦Statistics Reveal:!- about 1/2 of all violent crime is reported!-slightly more than 1/3 of all property crime is reported!!Victims are more likely: !men!◦younger people!◦african american!◦city residents!◦lower income !◦!Problems with the UCR/NIBRS and NCVS:!UCR/NIBRS= not everyone reports, some crimes are rarely reported, victims •inaccuracies, bureaucratic influences (reporting methods are differences between regions and states), hierarchal counting system, contains only


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FSU CCJ 2020 - The Value of Date

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