Chapter 1 Notes Vocabulary Vocab 1 Criminal Justice System the law enforcement court and the correctional agencies that work together to affect the apprehension prosecution and control of criminals They re in charge of maintaining order enforcing the law identifying transgressors bringing the guilty to justice and treating criminal behavior 2 Criminal Justice Process The decision making points starting from the initial investigation arrest to the release of the offender the various sequential stages through which the offender passes Law Enforcement Assistance Administration LEAA provided technical and financial assistance to local and state justice agencies between 1969 and 1982 Funded by the federal governments Safe Streets Act 3 4 Social Control the control of an individuals behavior by social and institutional forces in society 5 In Presence Requirement in order to make an arrest for a misdemeanor a police officer must have witnessed the crime first hand 6 Nolle Prosequi Term used when a prosecutor decides to drop a case after a formal complaint was made Reasons for this include evidence insufficiency reluctance of witnesses to testify police error and office policy 7 Grand Jury Type of jury responsible for investigating alleged crimes examining evidence and issuing indictments 8 True Bill Of Indictment written statement charging a defendant with the commission of a crime drawn up by a grand jury This happens when the grand jury finds sufficient evidence to support indictment Information charging document filed by the prosecution that forms the basis of the preliminary hearing 9 10 Probable Cause Hearing Term used in some jurisdictions for a preliminary hearing to show cause to bring a case to trial 11 Courtroom Work Group phrase used to indicate all parties involved in a case are working cooperatively to settle cases with the least amount of effort and conflict 12 Crime Control Perspective emphasizes the control of dangerous offenders and the protection of society Its advocates call for harsh punishments as a crime deterrent and supports the death penalty 13 Rehabilitation Perspective view that the primary purpose of criminal justice is to help care for people who can t manage themselves Believes crime is an expression of frusturation and anger created by social inequality and can be controlled by giving people the means to improve their life through conventional endeavors 14 Due Process Perspective provides the basic rights of a defendant in criminal proceedings and requirements of fair trials 15 Nonintervention Perspective A view that criminal justice emphasizes the least intrusive treatment possible Central policies include decarceration diversion and decriminalization Less is better 16 Decriminalization Reducing the penalty for a criminal act but not legalizing it 17 Legalization the removal of all criminal penalties from a previously outlawed act 18 Deinstitutionalization policy of removing as many offenders as possible from confinement and 19 Pretrial diversion A program providing nonpunitive community based alternatives to jail prison instead treating them in the community or harder forms of punishment 20 Widening the net of justice the view that programs designed to divert offenders from the justice system actually enmesh them further in the process by substituting more intrusive treatment programs for less intrusive punishment oriented outcomes 21 Equal Justice Perspective the view that all people should be treated equally before the law 22 Restorative Justice Perspective Advocates peaceful solutions and meditation rather than coercive punishments Crime and Criminal Justice Powerpoint Notes Criminology vs Criminal Justice Criminology explains why individuals engage in that behavior Criminal Justice explains how the system works and how the system affects behavior NOT MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE The definition of crime doesn t take into account the complex nature of societies Crimes Crime is a function of social control Crimes are established by legislature Events That Changed Crime Control 1 Civil Rights Movement 1960 s 1970 s 2 War on Drugs 1980 s Just Say No Campaign 3 Rodney King Riots 1990 s Watch the Police 4 Terrorism 2000 s 9 11 3 Parts of the Criminal Justice System 1 Law Enforcement 2 Court 3 Correctional Agencies 3 Steps That Make An Arrest Legal 1 Probable Cause is present 2 In Presence Requirement is satisfied 3 The Formal Criminal Justice Process Initial Contact Investigation 1 2 3 Arrest 4 Custody 5 Charging 6 Preliminary Hearing Grand Jury 7 Arraignment 8 Bail Detention 9 Plea Bargaining 10 Trial Adjudication 11 Sentencing Disposition 12 Appeal Post Conviction 13 Correctional Treatment 14 Release 15 Post Release The Criminal Justice Assembly Line Funnel A large number of cases enter the justice system but once it goes through only relatively few cases actually progress through the entire process Example Murder What s the chance its reported Approximately 100 What s the chance a report will result in an arrest What s the chance an arrest will produce a conviction Approximately 80 Approximately 70 Approximately 95 What s the chance the conviction will result in jail prison time What s the overall probability that a murder will result in a prison sentence Approximately 53 The Wedding Cake Model of Justice At the top it is the so called celebrated cases These are the ones that get a lot of media coverage and most of the time involve celebrities Under that is the serious offenses such as the Index Crimes Then is the less serious offenses usually committed by first time offenders or younger people Finally there is the millions of misdemeanors that get brought to the criminal justice system on a regular basis Perspectives on Justice 1 Crime Control Perspective 2 Due Process Perspective 3 Rehabilitation Perspective 4 Nonintervention Perspective 5 Equal Justice Perspective 6 Restorative Justice Perspective Due Process and Crime Control Perspective are opposites Due Process believes that society would rather let a guilty person go free than convict an innocent person whereas Crime Control believes that society would rather convict innocent person than let a guilty person go free
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