Exam 3 Study Guide History of Jails Prisons In early jails prisoners had to provide their own basic needs and men women and children were all kept in the same cell Prisoners often died which kept the jail population down Walnut Street Jail o In 1790 a law requiring the renovation of this Philadelphia prison was passed o Reforms included humane physical facilities adequate food and water separation of men women and children and separating debtors and the mentally ill o This failed b c of overcrowding The Eastern State Penitentiary o Designed to be a penitentiary which is based on the concept that inmates can be changed through reflection and penitence o Prisoners required to learn a skill and were expected to read the bible when not exercising or working o Guilt and remorse rehabilitation o Silent System prisoners could only talk to guards o Single cell model improved discipline problems and practically eliminated corporal punishment The Auburn System o Walled max security prison o Cells are back to back stacked on top of each other often 5 tiers high o Inmates worked together and prison could use their labor in profitable industries and construction projects making the prison economically self sufficient o Congregate work system cells only used for sleeping o Solitary confinement 1821 NY passed law requiring the worst inmates to be deprived of contact with others Challenges to the Correctional System highest incarceration rate in the world half of those incarcerated are non violent causes of the highest incarceration rates in the world the rising cost of incarceration Reasons for the Rising Cost of Incarceration Education and Rehab Programs the abandonment of the idea that criminality is inherited lead to more of these programs Restrictions on Prison Made Goods and Services during the Great Depression many states began prohibiting the sale of convict made products Recognition of Prisoner Rights the idea of civil death for inmates was abandoned o Civil death an inmate couldn t bring a lawsuit against the state regarding the way they were treated in prison o Warren Court 1953 1969 period when Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren issued many landmark decisions about the rights of inmates and defendants Number of Prisons needed has increased Cost of Corrections has increased by 127 in the last 20 years 29 000 inmate states spend 7 of their budget on corrections costs fed gov 55 billion yr Native American Jails only incarcerate Native Americans who have committed misdemeanors in their jurisdiction hold a small number of inmates max sentence is one year also suffer from over crowding Federal Jails hold federal inmates convicted of misdemeanors or inmates awaiting transfer federal jail inmates can be held in local jails for a fee can be transferred to any of the other 11 federal jails if necessary Municiple Jails separate from the county jail and maintained by the police station federal regulations have made it too expensive for most towns to maintain these Functions of Local Jails Receive and hold inmates pending arraignment Readmit probation parole and bail bond violators Temporarily detain juveniles before transfer to juvenile authorities Hold mentally ill before transfer to health facilities Hold individuals for military protective custody contempt and for court as witnesses Release after completion of sentence Transfer inmates to other authorities House inmates for other authorities b c of over crowding Relinquish custody of temporary detainees to juvenile and medical Operate day reporting home detention electronic monitoring and authorities other supervision Hold inmates w short sentences max one year Prison Classification System The diagnosis of an inmate to determine what security level they should be placed in and what services they should receive Used to enhance safety of prisons Jails used modified form that consider less factors ID the inmate examine criminal record evaluate mental stability check gang membership age and education Inmates then receive prison clothes are searched photographed fingerprinted and assigned a number Prison Consultants private people who counsel convicted defendants on how to present themselves during classification and how to behave in prison Prison Populations Mental Stability incarceration can cause severe depression these inmates need to be monitored Some have serious conditions that would make them a risk to others Substance Abuse Age those under 26 usually separated from older inmates Gang Affiliation Women have added considerations have to be given equal treatment as males more likely to suffer from HIV and mental illness more often victimized before incarceration than males are families are more often broken by the incarceration of a female so they are often placed in facility near family Institutional Racism and Incarceration Disproportionate Confinement nonrandom distribution of people by race in correctional institutions Long term Effects large amount of African American men are disenfranchised b c they have been convicted of felonies 46 states and D C have this law Federal Bureau of Prisons Classifies prisons according to 5 security levels Administrative Max Florence Colorado High Security Medium Security Low Security Min Security Private Prisons Purpose is to reduce cost of running and building facilities These prisons house local state and federal inmates for a fee Criticisms o No actual savings o Detriments to Community often detrimental to low income areas which is where most of them are located o State liability for violation of inmates rights o Escaped prisoners a concern b c of cost cutting measures o Question training and supervision of personnel b c of emphasis on savings Sexual Violence in Prisons Inmate lawsuits claim officials turn blind eye Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 requires development of data collections on the incidence and prevalence of sexual violence Sanctions perpetrator moved to solitary confinement changed to higher security level transfer loses good time credit or privileges Diversion alternative to trial and sentencing such as drug court boot camp or treatment Suspended Sentence term for probation sentence based on fact that offender must serve full sentence if they violate terms of release Early Release Options Probation conditional release prior to serving any prison time Parole release before max sentence has been served Mandatory Release release required by law after serving max length Good time
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