Criminal Justice Final Exam Review Chapter 10 Jails and Prisons History of Sentencing Prisoners were responsible for provided their own basic necessities Many prisoners died Walnut Street Jail 1790 Philadelphia failed because of overcrowding Eastern State Penitentiary correctional institution that allowed people to change criminality through penitence Expected prisoners to read the Bible Silent System was enforced meaning communication w other prisoners was prohibited Auburn System New York max security prison with multiple levels Inside cell block cells were back to back and stacked up high Prison was economically self sufficient Congregate work system prisoners worked during the day Solitary confinement confined inmate so no outside contact Southern Penal Systems south was agrarian not industry based Convict lease system supply farms with labor from prisons Chain gang prisoners were shackled together Prison farm system use of inmate labor for large profit farms Challenges to Corrections Highest incarceration rate in world Half of incarcerated are non violent offenders Rising cost of incarceration Education and Rehabilitation programs criminality can be healed not inherent Restrictions of Prison Made goods prohibited because of competition with local markets Recognition of prisoner rights No civil death leads to increased costs Civil death inmate has no rights was prohibited Warren court U S Supreme Court Earl Warren helped constitutional rights of inmates Number of Prisons Higher incarceration rates mean more prisons Cost of corrections increased 127 29k inmate Jails Jail short term multipurpose holding facility Managed by sheriff office or county department of corrections Majority of inmates have not been convicted of a crime Maximum of 1 year or less Local jails operate at 95 capacity or over capacity State Prisons correctional institutions of only convicted offenders Receive educational counseling recreational programs not offered in jails Rules differ from state to state Distribute prisoners throughout the state according to prisoner classification Prisoner Classification diagnosis of an inmate to decide appropriate security level to place them Enhance safety of prison Mental stability Age Lifestyle Gangs Can get change in classification due to behavior status or other considerations Prison consultants private people who give convicts advice on how to present themselves during classification and in prison General Population non restricted prison inmates who have access to services and recreation Special Population inmates that are higher risk Institutional Racism ratio of minorities to whites Disproportionate confinement nonrandom distribution of people by race in corrections Federal Bureau of Prisons agency responsible for oversight of federal prisons and jails Inmates can be transferred to any federal prison Over 100 federal prisons Federal military prisons for military servicemen Administrative maximum CO high medium low minimum security Alcatraz 1934 most violent and highest risk inmates no rehab education programs Private Prisons reduce costs and house inmates for a fee May NOT actually save money Detrimental to surrounding community Quality of life constitutional rights Escaped prisoners Prison gangs security risk group frequently cause problems and bring contraband drugs weapons etc Inmates join gangs for protection Sexual violence in prison Prison Rape Elimination Act move perpetrator to solitary confinement Physical health issues Section 1983 lawsuits claims of substandard medical treatment Mental health issues deinstitutionalization movement of mentally ill from hospitals to community based care Unable to abide by prison rules Total institutions prisons that meet all inmates basic needs and segregates those who don t follow rules o Does not promote effective treatment of mentally ill o Encourages Prisonization socialization into distinct prison subculture w its own values norms Chapter 11 Probation and Parole Reasons for early release 1 Prison is expensive 2 Probation and parole is cheaper Diversion alternative to criminal trial such as boot camp drug court or treatment program Suspended sentence probation where offenders must serve their full sentence if violate probation Early release options 1 Probation conditional release of convict prior to serving prison time 2 Parole release of inmate before max sentence has been served 3 Mandatory release release after serving max sentence time 4 Good time credit early release for obeying rules 5 Executive pardon governor or president reduces sentence 6 Commutation of sentence reduction in length by governor or president John Augustus 1785 created probation in Boston by personally financing bail Probation is the most common form of criminal sentencing in U S but requires probationer to maintain employment treatment education etc Probation Officer state or federal employee who reports to courts and supervises defendants on probation Federal law enforcement officers Limited arrest powers How is probation decision made 1 Prison would be inappropriate punishment 2 Public will not be at risk 3 Offender will not commit other crimes Pros Cons cheaper than prison rehab in community reduced criminal socialization cost of new crimes fear of further crimes lack of punishment Probation can be revoked for testing positive for drugs weapons losing job new crime failure of rehab etc Technical violation grounds for imprisonment of probationer based on violation of conditional release Parole history Parole d honneur release prisoner for good behavior based on word of honor to behave Mark system earning points for good behavior Ticket of leave mark system unconditional release from prison Irish system American parole system basis based on correctional needs for youthful offenders Indeterminate sentence sentence with a minimum and maximum time to serve Parole pros and cons Cheap Rehab Community service Transitional period o Cost of new crimes o Further crimes o Less successful than probation State Parole board sentencing judge has authority to grant probation but NOT parole Parole board decides inmates early release Independent model autonomous administration with power to make parole release decisions and supervise conditionally released inmates Consolidated model parole board under authority of state department of corrections Federal Parole boards U S Parole Commission appointed by president Semiautonomous agency within Dept of Justice
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