9 1 13 Vs Chapter 1 Intro to Criminal Justice Criminal Justice study of the processes involved in system of justice Criminal Justice system aggregate of all operating or tech agencies responsible for administering justice such as police officers wardens judges etc Informal social control social norms enforced through teachers and parents Formal Social control criminal justice system enforced through laws Criminal Justice System Big Three 1 Police 2 Court 3 Corrections What is Justice Justice is an elusive term Civil Justice vs Criminal Justice Criminal Justice tries to balance Social Justice the Ideal that embraces all fairness and beliefs about right and wrong Order Maintenance law enforcement interactions to create order Individual Rights Due Process rights that protect individuals in the criminal justice system Public order Crime Control preventing future crimes and reducing harm caused by criminal activity Perspectives of the Criminal Justice System 1 Consensus Model Federal and state agencies work together for one common goal 2 Conflict Model Agencies work on their own way Dual System of Justice Federal Government and States have individual ways of acting Checks and balances shows how the 3 branches of government balance each other out Picket fence model shows criminal justice system separating the state and federal powers Four Major Events 1 Civil Rights Movement 2 Vietnam War 3 War on Crime 4 Homeland Security changed laws between races 1960 70 The violent protests led to freedom of speech 1980 s 1990 s Increased airport security after 9 11 Due Process Rights 14th Amendment 1 State Constitutions 2 Bill of Rights 3 U S Constitution This helps to keep order while preserving rights Due Process Rights rights guaranteed to a person by the constitution and its amendments 1 Substantive due process 2 Procedural due process constitutionality of the law procedures used by government to preserve social order Presumption of Innocence premise of due process and most important because it preserves fairness Due Process and U S Supreme Court Due Process rights are incorporated in the SCOTUS Criminal Justice vs Criminology Criminal Justice The penal law of criminal procedure and array of procedures dealing with punishment and enforcement Criminology Theories of crime as a social phenomenon Criminal Law Study of law credentials as a licensed attorney Chapter 3 Measuring Crime and Victimization 1918 Prohibition 19th Amendment increased crimes for gangs and illegal alcohol sales Crime stats started in Chicago and Cleveland Uniform Crime Report UCR record of crime reported voluntarily by law enforcement agencies to the FBI UCR divides into two categories o Category 1 Violent Crimes Rape Murder Robbery o Category 2 Less serious offenses Simple Assault Gambling Fraud o Reports on 27 offenses Clearance Rate percentage of solved crimes vs unsolved crimes Crime Clock How often a certain crime occurs National Incident Based Reporting System NIBRS created to make up for UCR shortcomings and is more detailed than UCR Includes place of occurrence weapon used value of damage etc Reports on 57 offenses NIBRS is much more detailed and specific than the UCR Flaws in UCR o Hierarchy Rule only the most serious crimes are recorded during an incident which results in an under reporting of crime o The definition of rape varies from place to place o Data represents only crimes known to police National Crime Victimization Survey NCVS household survey that represents information about crimes on victims o Based on victim self reports instead of police reports o Dark figure of crime stats crimes that are not reported and are unknown to police o The NCVS shows more recorded crimes per year than the UCR NIBRS Historical Trends in Crime 1940 s Crime decreased because of the war men leaving 1960 1990 s Crime increased because people came home from war 1991 2010 Crimes decreased because of 3rd strike felony law and crime reporting was easier Higher risk individuals rugby player are at higher risk of being targeted for a crime than old black grandma Blacks are more victimized than whites Urban is more victimized than rural Crime statistics refers to gathering analysis and interpretation of crime data Indicate past crime not future crime Media influences people fear more than statistics Victimization the process of being victimized or becoming a victim of a crime Longitudinal comparisons examining crime data over the years Victimology study of victims and their personal victimization experiences Dislocation criminal offenders relocate from suburbs or rural areas to avoid areas of increased law enforcement Data shows that a victimization rate for some crimes in rural and urban areas is rising Victim precipitation theories implies that a victim is the cause for their own crime Victim contribution Victim provocation Victim proneness persons action that makes their victimization more likely victim provokes causes their victimization implies that individuals have a quality that makes them more vulnerable Lifestyle theories suggest a victim s high risk lifestyle increases their risk of victimization Differential association suggests people who associate with others who engage in unlawful behavior are more likely to be victimized 3 things must happen for victimization to occur 1 Victim must meet perpetrator 2 Confrontation must be sparked 3 Confrontation must occur Routine activities theory says humans are pleasure seeking individuals so we do things that motivate this Only explains predatory crime Crime can be halted by a capable guardian big dude who stops fight Predatory crimes acts involving direct physical contact with offender and victim not property crimes Offender is active and victim is passive Intreraction must include 3 variable o 1 presence of offender o 2 presence of a target o 3 absence of guardian Victims rights movement of 1990 s 2000 s Victimization results in financial physical and psychological harm to victim Victims wanted CJ system to know they suffer more than physical harm 50 states passes crime victims bill of rights Victims and Witness protection act establish policies regarding how federal officials should treat crime victims Secondary victimization after you are victimized police laugh at you Crime victim rights act of 2004 guarantees crime victims a number of rights such as protection and restitution Important victims rights events 1 Women s rights 2 Victims advocate Victims would be 1 Protected 2
View Full Document
Unlocking...