Exam 2 Review Topics Lesson 5 6 Listed below are some of the key topics discussed in class This is not meant to be a comprehensive review of lessons 5 8 for that you should go over your notes You are ultimately responsible for all of the information that was presented in class What are the components of the cardiovascular system and what is the role of each of those components The Cardiovascular System consists of o A pump the heart o A conducting system blood vessels o A fluid medium blood Specialized fluid connective tissue Contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix What is the function and characteristics of blood What is blood composed of What are the formed elements What is plasma composed of What is the difference between plasma serum and interstitial fluid Blood o Transports materials to and from cells It contains Oxygen and carbon dioxide Nutrients Hormones Waste products Immune system components o Important Functions of Blood 1 Transportation of dissolved substances 2 Regulation of pH and ions 3 Restriction of fluid losses at injury sites 4 Defense against toxins and pathogens 5 Stabilization of body temperature o Components of WHOLE Blood Plasma fluid component Consists of o Water o Dissolved plasma proteins o Other solutes Formed elements All cells and solids including platelets o Platelets are not whole cells but are still considered part of formed elements Three Types of Formed Elements o Red blood cells RBCs or erythrocytes Transport oxygen o White blood cells WBCs or leukocytes Part of the immune system o Platelets Cell fragments involved in clotting Know the majorities Physical Characteristics Hemopoiesis Process of producing formed elements o Created from myeloid and lymphoid stem cells Fractionation Process of separating whole blood for clinical analysis by centrifugation o Separation into plasma and formed elements A thin buffy coat composed of platelets and white blood cells found between RBC pellet and plasma Three General Characteristics of Blood o 1 38 C 100 4 F is normal temperature o 2 High viscosity 5 times more viscous than water viscosity cause by dissolved proteins formed elements o 3 Slightly alkaline pH 7 35 7 45 Blood volume liters 7 of body weight kilograms o Adult male 5 to 6 liters 5 3 6 4 quarts o Adult female 4 to 5 liters 4 2 5 3 quarts Loss of 10 blood volume will cause a decrease in blood pressure The Composition of Plasma o Makes up 50 60 of blood volume o More than 90 of plasma is water o Extracellular fluids Interstitial fluid IF and plasma Materials plasma and IF exchange across capillary walls Water Ions Serum Liquid part of a blood sample Small solutes o Produced when dissolved fibrinogen has converted to solid fibrin which is removed Serum lacks clotting proteins and Ca2 removed during clotting process What are some proteins found in plasma Where are they made Proteins found o Albumins 60 hormones o Globulins 35 Transport substances such as fatty acids thyroid hormones and steroid Antibodies also called immunoglobulins Transport globulins small molecules hormone binding proteins metalloproteins apolipoproteins lipoproteins and steroid binding proteins Molecules that form clots and produce long insoluble strands of fibrin o Fibrinogen 4 Origins of Plasma Proteins o More than 90 made in liver o Antibodies made by plasma cells activated B lymphocytes o Peptide hormones made by endocrine organs What is the function and characteristics of a red blood cell Why is the shape of a red blood cell important to its function Red Blood Cells RBCs o Make up 99 9 of blood s formed elements average adult has 25 trillion RBC s 1 3 of all cells in human body Structure of RBCs o Small and highly specialized discs o Thin in middle and thicker at edge o Three Important Effects of RBC Shape on Function o 1 High surface to volume ratio Quickly absorbs and releases oxygen o 2 Discs form stacks called rouleaux Smooth the flow through narrow blood vessels o 3 Discs bend and flex entering small capillaries 7 8 m RBC passes through 4 m capillary What is hemoglobin Hb Why is it important to the function of erythrocytes Why is iron important What happens if there isn t enough dietary iron What is the difference between fetal Hb adult Hb and Hb found in people with sickle cell anemia Hemoglobin The protein molecule that that gives whole blood its color functions to transport respiratory gases o Binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide o Normal hemoglobin adult male 14 18 g dL whole blood o Normal hemoglobin adult female 12 16 g dL whole blood Hemoglobin Function o Carries oxygen from lungs to peripheral tissues o At tissues with low oxygen peripheral capillaries Hemoglobin releases oxygen Binds carbon dioxide and carries it to lungs When bound to CO2 forms carbaminohemoglobin Hemoglobin Structure o Complex quaternary structure o Four globular protein subunits 2 alpha subunits 2 Beta subunits Each with one molecule of heme o Each heme contains one iron ion The iron ion Associate easily with oxygen oxyhemoglobin HbO2 Dissociate easily from oxygen deoxyhemoglobin Fetal Hemoglobin Hb problem o Strong form of hemoglobin found in embryos o Takes oxygen from mother s hemoglobin o Thalassemia inability to produce enough Hb subunits Causes reduction of RBC production and fragile short lived RBC s affecting development and growth If severe may require periodic blood transfusions or treated by converting adult Hb to fetal Hb with hydroxyurea or butyrate Sickle Cell anemia caused by mutation of an amino acid in beta chain of hemoglobin Low O2 cause mutated Hb to alter RBC shape making it stiff easily damaged Change in shape also causes it to block narrow capillaries What is the difference between oxyhemoglobin deoxyhemoglobin and carbaminohemoglobin Oxyhemoglobin iron ion easily associates with oxygen Deoxyhemoglobin iron ion dissociates easily from oxygen Carbaminohemoglobin when hemoglobin is bound to CO2 What are the various blood conditions and diseases For instance what is the difference between iron deficiency anemia and pernicious anemia Pernicious anemia Low RBC production o Due to lack of vitamin B12 or the intrinsic factor required to absorb vitamin B12 from intestine Iron deficiency anemia lack of iron uptake metabolism affecting RBC production However excessive iron intake linked to heart disease Hemoglobinuria Hemoglobin breakdown products in urine due to excess hemolysis in bloodstream Hematuria Whole red blood cells in urine due to kidney or tissue
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