After completing this module, you should be able to - Define nitrogenous waste - Compare and contrast the various forms of nitrogenous waste with regards to their toxicity, water loss, energy of production, and what types of animals produce each type of waste - Explain the four fundamental processes involved in excretory systems - Describe the organs/structures of the human excretory systems and their functions - Define osmolarity - Understand that the nephron is an excretory tubule and is the functional unit of the kidney - Describe how and where filtration occurs in the mammalian kidney - Outline where reabsorption occurs in the nephron - Explain the importance of the osmotic gradient found in kidney tissue - Explain how the osmotic gradient is formed in the kidney tissue - Explain the importance of surface area in urine production - Explain the role of aquaporins in urine production - Know where water reabsorption occurs in the kidney - Know where reabsorption and secretion occur in the kidney - Outline the negative feedback loop that allows us to maintain homeostatic levels of blood osmolarity - Understand the difference between juxtamedullary and cortical nephrons and predict what type of animal would be likely to have each kind of nephron - Describe the role of kidneys in homeostasis - Compare and contrast osmoconformers and osmoregulators - Compare and contrast osmoregulation in marine animals and freshwater animals - Explain a strategy for survival used by animals that inhabit temporary waters - Understand the challenges terrestrial animals face with regards to water balance - Explain strategies of land animals in dealing with water
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