Zoology 101 Exam 2 Review OutlineI. Animal BehaviorA. Sensory Inputs Stimulate Behavior1) Fixed action patterna) Sequence of actions triggered by sign stimulus2) Migrationa) May incorporate position of sun, North Star, magnetic fields, or circadian clock3) Behavioral rhythmsa) Circannual rhythms (seasonal)4) Communicationa) Transmission and reception of signalsb) Stimulus-response chainc) Visuald) Chemicale) Electricalf) Auditoryg) Tactileh) Pheromonesi) Only highest quality males can accurately produce signalsB. Learning and Behavior1) Imprinting2) Mechanisms of locationa) Pilotingi) Use of landmarksb) Orientationi) Movement along cardinal directionc) Navigationi) Use of innate compass and learned cognitive map3) Associative learninga) Stimulus’ associability based on phylogeny of animal4) Sensitive periods for learning5) Social learninga) Allows for existence of cultureC. Selective History of Behaviors1) Foraginga) Long-distance foraging more prevalent in historically dense populationsb) Optimality theory – maximize gain and minimize cost2) Matinga) Sexual dimorphismi) Polygamous animals have greater sexual dimorphism than monogamous animalsb) Parental carei) Monogamy – paternal and maternal careii) Polygamy – maternal careiii) Influenced by dependence of young & certainty of paternityc) Sexual selectioni) Influenced by imprinting and mate-choice copyingii) Agnostic behavior – ritualistic contest over resourcesd) Game theoryi) Outcome dependent on all involved strategiesii) Side-blotched lizardsII. Basic ChemistryA. Polymers1) Dehydration reactiona) Two molecules covalently bond and lose an H2O molecule2) Hydrolysisa) Opposite of dehydration reactionB. Carbohydrates1) Have carbonyl group (C=O)2) Involved in cell respiration3) Glycosidic linkagea) Bond between 2 monosaccharides formed by dehydration reaction4) Polysaccharidesa) Storagei) Starchii) Glycogenb) Structurei) Cellulose- β-ring configurationii) ChitinC. Lipids1) Fatsa) Fatty acid – C chain with carboxyl (COOH) group at one endb) Triglycerol – three fatty acids bonded by ester linkagec) Saturated fatty acidsi) Only single bonds between carbonsd) Unsaturated fatty acidsi) > 1 double bond between carbonsii) Raises HDL, lowers LDLiii) Trans fats2) Phospholipidsa) Two fatty acids + glycerol + phosphateb) Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tailsc) Micelle – ball of phospholipids3) Steroidsa) C skeleton of four fused ringsb) Form hormonesc) Cholesterol – other steroids synthesized from this precursorD. Proteins1) Contain at least one polypeptide2) Functionsa) Enzymeb) Storagec) Structured) Hormonese) Motor movementf) Transportg) Defenseh) Reception3) Polypeptidesa) Amino acid monomersb) Amino group and carboxyl group off of R chainc) Acidici) COOH group on R chainii) Hydrophilicd) Basici) Amino groups on side chainii) Hydrophilic4) Amino acid polymersa) Peptide bond – C-N bond formed by dehydration reactionb) Amino terminus – beginning of chainc) Carboxyl terminus – endE. Structure and function1) Levels of structurea) Primaryb) Secondaryc) Tertiaryi) Hydrophobic interactionii) Disulfide bridgesd) Quaternaryi) Chaperoninsii) Discovered by use of X-ray crystallographyF. Enzymes1) Catalysis in active sitea) Can catalyze forward or reverse reactionsb) Lowers Ea for reactionc) Rate affected by initial substrate concentration2) Condition effects on enzymatic activitya) Temperature and pHb) Cofactors – non-protein catalytic acidsc) Inhibition – irreversible if attached to enzyme covalentlyi) Competitive v. noncompetitiveG. Lipoproteins1) Capsule of apo-proteins and phospholipid bilayer that carries cholesterol2) HDLa) Carries cholesterol from cells to liver3) LDLa) Carries cholesterol from liver to cellsIII. Membrane Structure and FunctionA. Membranes as Fluid Membranes1) Amphipathic molecule – both hydrophobic and hydrophilic2) Phospholipid bilayer – first suggested in 19723) Frequent lateral movement of lipids4) Cholesterol – temperature buffer5) Evolutionary differencesa) Cold habitat animals have more unsaturated lipids in membranes6) Functions of membrane proteinsa) Peripheral – bound to surface of membraneb) Integral – within membranei) Transportii) Enzymatic activityiii) Signal transductioniv) Intercellular joiningv) Attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM7) Membrane carbohydratesa) Glycolipids – carbs covalently bonded to lipidsb) Glycoproteins – carbs covalently bonded to proteinsB. Selective Permeability1) Channel proteinsa) Hydrophilic hallway for polar moleculesb) i.e. aquaporins2) carrier proteinsa) “elevator” for polar moleculesC. Passive Transport and Diffusion1) Diffusiona) Even spread of molecules into a given space2) Passive transporta) Transport where no energy is expended3) Dynamic equilibriuma) Rate of input = rate of output4) Osmosis and Water Balancea) Osmosisi) Diffusion of free water across selective membraneb) Water balance of cells without wallsi) Tonicity- Ability of surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose waterii) Isotonic environment- Same concentration as solution within celliii) Hypertonic environment- Higher concentration of solutes than celliv) Hypotonic environment- Lower solute concentration than cellc) Water balance of cells with wallsi) Plasmolysis- Plasma membrane separates from wall, leads to cell death5) Facilitated Diffusiona) Passive transport aided by proteinsb) Gated channelsi) Open and close in response to stimulusD. Active Transport1) Pumping of solute across a membrane while expending energy2) Ion pumpsa) Membrane potential – voltage across a membraneb) Electrochemical gradient – chemical and electrical forces on ionc) Electrogenic pump – transport protein that generates voltage across membranei) i.e. sodium-potassium pumpd) proton pumpi) actively transports H+ out of cell3) Cotransporta) coupled passage of two materials across membrane by membrane proteinb) can transport against concentration gradientE. Exocytosis and Endocytosis1) Exocytosisa) Secretion of biological molecules (neurotransmitters, insulin) by fusion of vesicle with plasma membrane2) Endocytosisa) Absorption of molecules and particulates by forming new vesiclesb) Phagocytosisi) Cell engulfs particle and packages it in a food vacuolec) Pinocytosisi) Extracellular fluid taken into vesiclesd) Receptor-mediated endocytosisi) Ligands bind to protein receptorsii) Receptor proteins cluster in pits covered with coat proteinsiii) Each coated pit forms vesicle
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