Zoology 101 Exam 1 Review OutlineI. OverviewA. Properties of Life1) Order2) Evolutionary Adaptation3) Response to Environment4) Regulation (homeostasis)5) Energy Processing6) Reproduction7) Growth and DevelopmentB. Biological Perspective1) Holistic emergent properties2) Reductionisma) Attempt to reduce complex systems3) Systems biologya) Dynamic behavior of entire biological systemsC. Levels of Biological Organization1) Biosphere2) Ecosystems3) Communities4) Populations5) Organisms6) Organ Systems7) Organs8) Tissues9) Cells10) Organelles11) MoleculesD. Taxonomy1) Domaina) Bacteriai) Prokaryoticb) Archaeai) Prokaryoticc) Eukaryai) Plantae- Autotrophsii) Fungi- Absorption heterotrophsiii) Animalia- Ingestion heterotrophsII. History of LifeA. Beginnings of Cells1) Stages of productiona) Abioticb) Junction of small molecules to form macromoleculesc) Packaging of molecules into protocellsd) Origin of self-replicating molecules that allowed inheritance2) Protocellsa) Membraneb) Metabolismc) Reproduction3) Development of Organismsa) 635 mya – algae & invertebratesb) 540 mya – Cambrian explosionc) 480 mya – land plants & insectsd) 350 mya – seed plantse) 140 mya – flowering plants (dinosaurs?)f) 65 mya – mammals, insects, birdsB. Geologic Time1) Eon2) Era3) Period4) Epoch5) Archaean Eona) 4.5 bya – 2.5 bya6) Proterozoic Eona) 2.5 bya - 0.5 bya7) Phanerozoic Eona) 0.5 bya – presentb) Paleozoic Erai) 542 – 251 myaii) Beginning: colonization of landiii) End: extinction in ocean and on landc) Mesozoic Erai) 251 – 65.5 myaii) Beginning: “age of reptiles”, mammals, conifersiii) End: extinction of dinosaursd) Cenozoic Erai) 65.5 mya – presentii) Mammals, birds, insectsC. Development of Organisms1) Single-celled organismsa) 3.9 byab) Prokaryotesi) Only organisms from 3.5 bya – 2.1 bya2) Oxygen Revolutiona) 2.5 byab) Stepsi) Oxygenic photosynthesis evolvesii) O2 dissolved in surrounding wateriii) Reaction with dissolved iron to form iron oxideiv) After iron precipitated, oxygen gas entered atmosphere3) Eukaryotesa) Endosymbiont theoryi) Mitochondria and plastids began living in larger cellsb) Multicellular eukaryotes appeared 1.5 byac) Modern eukaryotes appeared 575 mya4) Cambrian explosiona) 535-525 myab) Led to introduction of armored and carnivorous animalsD. Colonization of Land1) Began 500 mya2) 420 mya – arthropods colonized3) 365 mya – tetrapods4) 370 mya – plants began to grow true roots and leaves5) 6-7 mya – humans diverged from primates6) 195,000 ya – origin of modern humansE. Early Geography1) Permian Mass Extinctiona) 250 myab) Between Paleozoic and Mesozoic Erasc) Occurred in <500,000 yearsd) Volcanism -> lava/ash + CO2 -> ocean warming -> anoxia + H2S gas -> ozone holes -> extinction of 96% of marine invertebrates2) Cretaceousa) 65.5 myab) Separates Mesozoic and Cenozoic Erasc) Meteor -> debris cloud blocks sun -> cold, low light -> eliminated dinosaurs, >50% of marine lifeF. Adaptive Radiations1) Period of evolutionary change where groups of organisms speciate with adaptations that allow them to fill ecological nichesG. Genetics1) Heterochronya) Change in rate or timing of development events2) Paedomorphisa) Reproductive development changes lead to adults retaining juvenile features of ancestral species3) Homeotic genesa) Determine where legs, wings, etc. will developb) Includes Hox genes4) Exaptationsa) Structures that evolve for one reason but serve another functionIII. Descent with ModificationA. Important People Involved with Theory of Evolution1) Aristotlea) Scala naturaei) Definitive ranking of creatures of Earth2) Carolus Linneausa) Developed binomial systemb) Developed idea of nested categories3) Georges Cuviera) Developed paleontologyb) Catastrophismi) Past events occurred suddenly and not like the presentii) Each layer of strata represents a catastrophe4) Uniformitarianisma) Mechanisms of change are constant over timeb) James Huttonc) Charles Lyell5) Lamarcka) Used features become stronger; neglected features deteriorateb) Inheritance of characteristics acquired during lifetime6) Alfred Russel Wallacea) Beat Darwin to publishing evolution and natural selection7) Darwina) Many species resemble modern speciesb) Shifts in which species are foundc) Fit to the environmentB. Homology1) Homologous structuresa) Structures derived from a common ancestor2) Vestigial structuresa) Remnants of once-important features3) Analogous structuresa) Similar function, but not common ancestry4) Endemic organismsa) Found nowhere else in the worldIV. Evolution of PopulationsA. Genetic variation1) Discrete charactersa) Alleles that function on an either/or basis2) Quantitative charactersa) Alleles that function on a continuum basis3) Average heterozygositya) Percentage of loci that are heterozygousb) Used to describe gene variability4) Geographic variationa) Difference in genetic compositions of separate populations5) Clinea) Graded change in allele frequencies along geographic axis6) Heritabilitya) Larger segments of replicated DNA are more likely to have negative side effectsb) Sexual reproductioni) Crossing over of chromosomesii) Independent assortment of chromosomes within a populationB. Hardy-Weinberg Principle1) Fixed allelea) All individuals in a population are homozygous2) p2 + 2pq + q2; p + q = 13) Conditionsa) No mutationsb) Random matingc) No natural selectiond) Extremely large population sizee) No gene flowC. Genetic Drift1) Founder Effecta) Few individuals found isolated population2) Bottleneck Effecta) Sudden, severe drop in population sizeD. Result of Natural Selection1) Directional selectiona) Favors one extreme allele2) Disruptive selectiona) Favors both extreme alleles3) Stabilizing selectiona) Favors neither extreme alleleE. Sexual selection1) Sexual dimorphisma) Differences between both sexes’ secondary sex characteristics2) Intrasexual selectiona) Competition amongst same sex3) Intersexual selectiona) Aka mate choiceF. Faults of Natural Selection1) Can only act on existing variations2) Limited by historical constraints3) Adaptations are often compromises4) Chance, natural selection, and environment interact5) Natural selection is generally slow6) Can target variation that is not heritableV. The Origin of SpeciesA. Biological Species Concept1) Members of populations that can produce fertile, viable offspring2) Reproductive Isolationa) Prezygotic barriersi) Mechanical isolationii) Gametic isolationb) Postzygotic barriersi) Reduced
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