Zoology101:Animal Biology Final Exam Study Guide Lecture 33 (November 17)What contributions did Linnaeus, Malthus, Curvier, and Lyell make to evolutionary theory?Linnaeus is responsible for classification, Malthus suggested population limits, Curvier is tied to fossils and extinction, and Lyell is connected with modern geology. How does Lamarck’s proposed mechanism of evolution differ from Darwin’s and Wallace’s?Lamarck's proposed that species can change and the inheritance of acquired characteristics. Darwin and Wallace state that there decent with modification, and a change in species in time can arise due to natural selection. What are the key components of Darwin’s idea of evolution by natural selection (4 observations, 2 inferences)?The four observations of Darwin's idea of evolution are individuals in a population vary in their traits, those traits are heritable, organisms capable of producing more offspring than the environment can support, and as a result, many offspring do not survive. The 2 inferences are individuals that are well suited to their environments tend to leave more offspring than other individuals and over time, favorable traits accumulate in the population. What are the 5 lines of evidence for natural selection and descent with modification?Artificial selection, direct observations of evolutionary change, fossil records, homology, and biogeography all provide evidence for natural selection and descent with modificaiton. What are the things that evolution by natural selection can explain?Evolution by natural selection can provide a mechanism to create evolutionary change and help explain the existence of adaptations. Lecture 34and 35 (November 19 and 21) Why is genetic variation important?Genetic variation is important because variation is the raw material for evolution and the environment is highly unlikely to remain constant.What are the four basic processes that can cause changes in allele frequencies between generations How do these processes differ? Four basic processes causing change are mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection. Mutation is a direct altercation to the allele frequency but is the most neutral. Genetic drift is the change in allele frequency between generations due to random events. This tends to reduce genetic variation through the loss of alleles and this can have a positive, negative, or neutral effect. Gene flow is the change in allele frequency between generations or gametes. Natural selection is the process that is the only controllable/predictable mechanism.Distinguish among the following sets of terms: directional, disruptive, and stabilizing selection; intrasexual and intersexual selection. Directional: favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic gradient. Disruptive/diversifying: favors individuals at opposite ends of the phenotypic gradient. Stabilizing selection: favors individuals in the middle of the phenotypic gradient. Intrasexual selection is acts on the traits that affect success in competition with members of your sex for mates (males vs males). Intersexual selection acts on the traits that affect success in being chosen for mating by opposite sex List reasons why natural selection may not produce perfectly adapted organisms.Natural selection may not produce perfectly adapted organisms because NS works only upon available variation, can vary in time and space, can be opposed by another microevolutionary, there are no trade offs, not all variation is subject to NS, and evolution by NS takes a lot of time. What role does population size play in affecting the importance of genetic drift? Population sizes of other organisms may be small; small populations experience greater effects of drift. In small populations, drift can actually become more important than selection. What is sexual dimorphism? Sexual dimorphisms are the differences in size, color, shape and behavior between the sexes. Lecture 36 (November 24)What is evolutionary trap?Evolutionary trap is when and organism uses a particular set of cues in order to make a choice. For example, the cues are mate with anything that is big brown, shiny, and round. Well, if a bug finds a beer bottle that is big, brown, shiny and round, that bug will not produce any off spring with that bottle. What is speciation? Microevolution? Macroevolution?Speciation is the evolution of a new species. Microevolution is the change in allele frequency in a local population in time. Macroevolution is the evolutionary change above the species level. What is the biological species concept?The biological species concept is that when individuals are members of the same species if they are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. What is reproductive isolation? What are the types of barriers?Reproductive isolation is the existence of biological factors that prevent 2 individuals from interbreeding and producing viable offspring. There are prezygotic barriers, which are circumstances that prevent the zygote from forming and post-zygotic barriers that is anything that occurs after the zygote has formed. Lecture 37(December 1)What is allopatric speciation? Sympatric?Allopatric speciation is speciation that occurs with geographic barriers. It restricts gene flow, and even if contact is restored between populations, interbreeding may no longer be possible Sympatric speciation occurs with out geographic separation; this is seen mainly in plants with polyploidy.Reproductive barriers will be the main cause of sympatric speciation. What is adaptive radiation?Adaptive radiation are the periods of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species. This can occur when species colonize new environments and can arise due to evolution of a key adaptation. What are key events in Earth's history?Life is old and has taken a long time to get where we are today, several key events are linked with evolution of novel adaptations, and boundaries between geological divisions are often marked by ig changes in dominant organisms Describe mass extinctions? Boundaries between geological divisions are often marked by mass extinction events, there have been 5 mass extinctions, and mass extinctions are often associated with big environmental changes. Lecture 38 (December 3) What is ecology? What determines where a species is located?Ecology is the study of distribution and abundance of organisms. Where species are located depends on past and current
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