Zoology 101: Animal BiologyLast Lecture Outline Lectur e2 1. What is biology • basic science vs applied science• properties of life 2. How we study biology • life builds from the bottom upCurrent Outline 1. What makes up animals2. Water • Water and its bonds3. Organic Macromolecules• functional groups• reactions (how molecules come together)4. CarbsWhat makes up animals?• Animals differ from other species by being: ◦ Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic (need to ingest food), lack cell wall in membranes, bodies made up of cells organized into tissues, motility (can move)Water and Its bonds• Water is the solvent of life• Covalent bond: atom share of elections • O is more electronegative than H (O has a higher affinity for electrons due to unequal sharing of electrons) • Polar covalent bonds occur when one end of the atom is a partial charge while the other end is an opposite charge (They can't cancel out in order for the molecule to be polar)• Can form a hydrogen bond- an attraction of partial charges • Can bond with other hydrogen bond polar molecules • Polar molecules dissolve in water (polar-polar; like dissolves like)• Ions (charged particles) dissolve in water Organic Molecules• Carbon provides framework of biological molecules • hydrocarbon: only has carbon and hydrogen • energy stored in chemical bonds • C-C and C-H bonds=Nonpolar • Functional Groups (each one is carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids)◦ Hydroxyl O-H◦ Carbonyl C=O-O-H◦ Amino N-H-H◦ Phosphate PO4◦ Methyl CH3• Monomers: chain of small, subunit molecules• 2 monomers= dimer, many monomers= polymers • Reactions ◦ Connecting monomers--> dehydration: monomer connects with another and dispels a water molecule ◦ Breaking down--> hydrolysis: water is added to the polymer/dimer and that water breaks up the chains into monomers/dimers. Carbs (sugars) • Monomer: Monosaccharide (ex. Glucose- used for cellular respiration, fuel for ATP); simplest sugar• Disaccharide: broken down for quick energy; 2 monosaccharides brought together through dehydration; enzymes break down bonds to make monosaccharides (hydrolytic enzyme)• Polysaccharide: glucose monomers ◦ Starch: energy storage, made by plants◦ Glycogen: animal storage of energy, found in muscle and liver (released in blood stream)◦ Cellulose: structured stability in plants, no energy ◦ Chitin: some animals exoskeleton, structural, (fungi cell walls,
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