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Zoology 101 I. Biology is the study of lifea. Properties of Lifei. Order – structure that characterizes lifeii. Energy processing – (i.e. hummingbird) it obtains fuel in the form of nectar from flowers; will use chemical energy stored inits food to power flight and other workiii. Response to environment – (i.e. Venus flytrap) it closes its mouth rapidly in response to the environmental stimulus of a fly landing on itiv. Regulation (homeostasis) – regulation of blood to keep a constant body temperature v. Reproduction – organisms reproduce their own kind (offspring are fertile)vi. Growth and development – genes control the pattern of growth and development of organisms (inherited information)vii. Evolutionary adaptation – adaptations evolve over many generations by the reproductive success of those individuals with heritable traits that are best suited to their environmentsII. How will we study biology?a. Life builds from the bottom up (Levels of Biological Organization) new properties emergei. Biosphere – consists of all life on Earth and all the places life exists (includes: most regions of land, bodies of water, the atmosphere at an altitude of several kilometers, and the sediments far below the ocean floor and rocks many kilometers below the Earth’s surface)ii. Ecosystem – (grasslands, deserts, ocean’s coral reefs, deciduous forest) consists of all the living things in a particular area, along with all the nonliving components of the environment (that life interacts with) All of Earth’s ecosystems make up the biosphereiii. Community – (the entire array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem is called biological community) (a population or a group of populations whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring is called a species)iv. Populations – consists of all the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified areav. Organism – individual living thing (microorganism, mammals, birds, reptiles, etc. vi. Organ System – set of organs that work together to do a specific job (Digestive system as a whole converts food to energy: tongue, stomach, liver, intestines, etc.)vii. Organ – a organ consists of multiple tissues that carries out a specific function (lungs oxygenates the blood, and exhales carbon dioxide)Zoology 101 viii. Tissue – made out of a group of cells that work together (honeycombed tissue in the interior of the leaf is the main location of photosynthesis); each tissue has a distinct cellular structureix. Cell (Organelle, Molecule) – (life’s fundamental unit of structure and function) amoebas and most bacteria are singled-cell organisms; chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis III. Classification of living organismsa. Three Domains of Lifei. Domain Bacteria (prokaryotic) & Domain Archaea (prokaryotic)1. Singled-celled and microscopic2. There is evidence that archaea are at lost as closely related to eukaryotic organisms as they are to bacteria3. No nucleus4. They have a cell wallii. Domain Eukarya (eukaryotic)1. More closely related to archaea2. They have nuclei 3. Kingdoms: Plantae, Fungi, Animalia, and Protista4. Plants are autotrophs (make their own food) and they have cell walls; Fungi are heterotrophs even though they absorb nutrients from their surroundings, and theyhave cell walls; Animalia are heterotrophs, multicellular, and they don’t have cell walls; Protists are single-celled eukaryotes, and they have a cell wall5. Cell wall of plants is composed of cellulose, and the cell wall of fungi is composed of chitin (also in the exoskeleton of insects)6. Animals have bodies that are composed of specialized cells in tissues (except for sponges)We are all related! (Modern forms of life are connected evolutionary history)IV. Unity underlies diversitya. Similarities in cell structures of organismsi. Cytochrome C – crucial for cellular respiration and is found in all organisms ii. In chart of different sequences for Cytochrome C in different species (pink = similar & blue = the exact same) b. Evolution explains these similaritiesi. Cellular level – the cilia of trachea traps microorganisms in lung and similar to the cilia of parameciumii. Different species of orchids are similar in their featuresZoology 101 V. Grouping Species a. Taxonomy – branch of biology that names and classifies species, formalizes this ordering of species into groups of increasing breadth, based on the degree to which they share


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UW-Madison BIOLOGY 101 - Biology

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