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Motivation Motivation The need or desire that energizes us and influences our behavior Theories of Motivation Instinct A theory of motivation based on Darwin Revolves around the concept of an instinct a complex behavior found throughout an entire species that is unlearned Instinct is best thought from animal behavior When salmon are ready to die they return to where they were born They are doing that because of instinct beyond that it says nothing else Instinct did not put us in this classroom today so it is not the only reason Evolutionary Theory We are doing something because there is some evolutionary need for it People are afraid of the dark that is evolutionary Drive Reduction We act because we have some physiological need that has caused some homeostatic need and that we are trying to stay in balance It does not say what we are hungry or thirsty for but why we are hungry of thirsty Things like sleeping eating and breathing as well as body temperature like sweating Incentive Theory Pushed by negative stimuli or pulled by positive stimuli we got something out of it or avoid something from it Examples are that you either want to learn or mom is screaming at you because you don t show up to class Arousal Theory If most of our physiological needs are met then we seek an optimal level of stimulation We cannot do nothing forever It is really hard to do nothing and eventually you need to do something At the end of summer you are somewhat excited for school because it is something new Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs We have needs and our bodies try to fulfill its basic physiological needs and after that will be able to fulfill other needs When you are starving to death becoming the most you can be doesn t matter Once you have food covered you can think about your other needs Most people aren t worried about earning esteem if they are homeless Most of the time we work up the pyramid but sometimes we can work out of order Hunger Keyes In 1950 Keyes runs an experiment He gets a bunch of guys and puts them on a diet that gives them just enough food to keep their current body weight one step above a starvation diet He finds nothing unusual then he cuts their rations and they go below the calorie rate and the men become food obsessed We tend to focus on what we need Physiology of Hunger Glucose A sugar that provides us with energy When our glucose runs low we get hungry We are trying to maintain homeostasis We eat because our brains tell us to as they get us glucose Lateral Hypothalamus When activated produces a hormone called Erexin and we get hungry and eat If we remove the lateral hypothalamus from a rat it will not eat and will die It does not feel the need to eat Ventromedial Hypothalamus When stimulated we stop eating When we destroy it they keep eating These hormones released control our level of hunger They will regulate our hunger and desire to stop eating Set Point We have a set point in our body which acts as a weight thermostat There is a weight that our body considers to be safe If it drops below that set point the body tells itself to eat That is an automatic natural reaction driven by the set point If the body is above it it does not say don t eat but rather that we don t need to eat The body is trying to gain weight when it goes below the number You can only change your set point by keeping it at the same point for a long amount of time Our set point adapts to our lifestyle If we tend to be larger our set point will adjust to us being larger It is not something that just changes overnight Basal Metabolic Rate How quickly and easily we burn energy especially at rest You can identify people with high metabolism by if they can eat as much food as they want and not gain weight People with slow metabolisms can look at food and gain weight They do not burn energy at a high rate They are slightly more sedentary When going into college your metabolism goes down So if you keep up the same habits with a slower metabolism you will gain weight Psychology of Hunger What we are hungry for comes from different things Mood When we are upset there are some things we enjoy eating Carbs tend to produce serotonin so you do feel better Culture For example if we are offered a bag of camel eyes we will throw up Some cultures view them as delicacies like we see ice cream Cats dogs horses and rats are delicacies in other parts of the worlds Neophobia Evolutionary fear of the unknown If we only consume that which we have already consumed we are likely to be safe Our tastes can change and adapt When people are pregnant they have odd cravings Situation You eat dinner with your parents and get a call from your friends saying they are going out to dinner so you eat another dinner Social situations can affect our hunger People eat more when they are around other people who are eating Unit Bias We eat what is put in front of us All of these things contribute to what we are hungry for not why we are hungry Eating Disorder Anorexia Nervosa People drop weight below 15 of the normal value of the people who have anorexia are female About half of the people also succumb to the binge purge depression cycle throwing up what you eat People with anorexia do not see themselves the way other people see them They don t see their ribs sticking out but rather a big heavy person People who have it don t see it as a problem People who try to help them are not viewed as help by the person who has it but they are just trying to help Bulimia Nervosa You take someone of average normal weight they view themselves as significantly overweight and get down to the low side of average Then they binge and eat their way up to that above average weight Often eat in cycles and then reach a purging cycle Binge Eating Disorder People will eat a large amount of food without purging but feel bad about what they have done after Causes This can be caused by family issues self esteem issues etc In addition to perfectionism genetics is also a cause People are genetically predisposed to eating disorders Women are more prone than men and culture also plays a role Obesity and Weight Control Fat Stored energy If you came across an energy rich food you would eat it and store it for later it is an evolutionary reason So there is a reason why people get fat There are 300 million obese people in the world BMI Body Mass Index Is extremely flawed yet the entire world uses it In …


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UMass Amherst PSYCH 100 - Motivation and Emotion

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