OUTLINE Modules 20 21 22 MEMORY 1 Modal Model of Memory a Sensory Memory b Short Term Memory c Long Term Memory 2 Forgetting a Decay b Interference c Repression 4 Memory Malleability Distortions a False Memories b Eyewitness Memory 3 STEPS OF HAVING A MEMORY 1 ENCODING encounter the material at some point and get the information into the brain 2 STORAGE the material is stored away in the brain for whenever you need it 3 RETRIEVAL get the information out of storage SENSORY MEMORY 1 What is sensory memory A brief persistence of sensory information 2 Types of sensory registers memory Iconic Memory where visual information is Echoic Memory where auditory information is processed processed 3 Questions How does sensory memory work How much information can be registered in sensory memory How much information can be processed in sensory memory before it dissipates How fast does information dissipate Sperling studies of sensory memory 1 Flash matrix of letters numbers for 1 20th of a second 2 Subjects reported what they saw 3 Counted pieces of information remembered People could report 4 9 SENSORY MEMORY Questions Answers How does sensory memory work Holds sensory information in its raw form so that it can be coded into some understandable means and transferred to Short Term Memory How much information can be registered in sensory memory Infinite amounts How much information can be processed in sensory memory before it dissipates Up to 9 pieces of information at a time How fast does information dissipate Very fast less than 3 seconds SHORT TERM MEMORY Does it exist Serial Position Curve 100 50 0 1 10 20 Position of Word on a 20 word list Primacy effect we typically remember the first few words on the list Recency effect we typically remember the last few words on the list SHORT TERM MEMORY QUESTIONS Does it exist Primacy vs recency effects in memory Primacy long term memory Recency short term memory How big is it how much information can it hold The magical 7 2 we can hold seven two pieces of information in short term memory Chunking putting information into different chunks How long does stuff stay in short term memory 18 20 seconds without rehearsal SHORT TERM MEMORY How long does stuff stay in STM BROWN PETERSON TASK Given three consonants like bmz and must remember after a certain amount of seconds count down by threes from 100 3s 9s 12s 18s Percentage who recalled consonants 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 Time in seconds between presentation of consonants and recall request no rehearsal allowed How Do Short Term Memory and Long Term Memory differ SHORT TERM MEM MEM Small in size 7 2 chunks Easy to enter Attend to item Last few attended items Are in STM Lots of entry paths Last 7 encountered items from Sensory memory Information from LTM Recycled STM info from STM Easy to find info there LONG TERM Large in size infinite Hard to enter must be attended to and rehearsed elaborated for Some time One entry path from STM only Hard to find info there How does information get from STM to LTM ENCODING We use control processes 1 Rehearsal 2 coding We use other encoding strategies 1 Levels of processing 2 Meaning 3 Imagery ENCODING LEVELS OF PROCESSING 1 We can analyze information in MANY different ways Examples More shallow Visual encoding Acoustic encoding Semantic encoding More Deep 2 The Deeper information is processed the better your memory for that information will be ENCODING MEANING Meaning helps us to organize and better remember information ENCODING IMAGERY Information that can be imaged will be better remembered than information that can t be imaged Dual coding theory LONG TERM MEMORY What is in it DECLARATIVE Semantic vs Episodic Memory Episodic Memory Semantic Memory LONG TERM MEMORY What s in it Explicit memory vs Implicit memory Explicit memory Testing Explicit memory 1 Recall 2 Recognition Implicit memory What is implicit memory Testing Implicit memory 1 Priming FORGETTING DECAY EBBINGHAUS STUDIES METHOD Results EBBINGHAUS FORGETTING CURVE Percentage of list retained when relearning 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 12345 10 15 20 25 30 Time in days since learning list FORGETTING DECAY EBBINGHAUS STUDIES Ebbinghaus studies RESULTS EXPLANATION DECAY FORGETTING RETRIEVAL FAILURE INTERFERENCE Interference 2 Kinds of interference 1 RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE 2 PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE FORGETTING DECAY vs INTERFERENCE METHOD After sleep of syll recall 90 70 50 30 0 After remaining awake 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hours elapsed after learning syllables MEMORY DISTORTIONS MEMORY CONSTRUCTIONS FALSE MEMORIES Memory can be a Reproduction Reconstruction Examples of when memories might be incorrect EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY 1 8500 wrongful convictions in the US each year 2 1 2 due to faulty eyewitness testimony 3 eyewitnesses influence trial outcome significantly 4 juries trust eyewitness accounts as gospel EYEWITNESS MEMORY WHY ERRORS The Misinformation effect What is it Practical implications FALSE MEMORIES Def Example Points
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