OUTLINE Modules 20 21 22 MEMORY 1 Modal Model of Memory a Sensory Memory b Short Term Memory c Long Term Memory 2 Forgetting a Decay b Interference c Repression 4 Memory Malleability Distortions a False Memories b Eyewitness Memory 3 STEPS OF HAVING A MEMORY 1 ENCODING encounter the material at some point and get the information into the brain 2 STORAGE the material is stored away in the brain for whenever you need it 3 RETRIEVAL get the information out of storage SENSORY MEMORY 1 What is sensory memory A brief persistence of sensory information 2 Types of sensory registers memory Iconic Memory where visual information is Echoic Memory where auditory information is processed processed 3 Questions How does sensory memory work How much information can be registered in sensory memory How much information can be processed in sensory memory before it dissipates How fast does information dissipate Sperling studies of sensory memory 1 Flash matrix of letters numbers for 1 20th of a second 2 Subjects reported what they saw 3 Counted pieces of information remembered People could report 4 9 SENSORY MEMORY Questions Answers How does sensory memory work Holds sensory information in its raw form so that it can be coded into some understandable means and transferred to Short Term Memory How much information can be registered in sensory memory Infinite amounts How much information can be processed in sensory memory before it dissipates Up to 9 pieces of information at a time How fast does information dissipate Very fast less than 3 seconds SHORT TERM MEMORY Does it exist Serial Position Curve 100 50 0 1 10 20 Position of Word on a 20 word list Primacy effect we typically remember the first few words on the list Recency effect we typically remember the last few words on the list SHORT TERM MEMORY QUESTIONS Does it exist Primacy vs recency effects in memory Primacy long term memory Recency short term memory How big is it how much information can it hold The magical 7 2 we can hold seven two pieces of information in short term memory Chunking putting information into different chunks How long does stuff stay in short term memory 18 20 seconds without rehearsal SHORT TERM MEMORY How long does stuff stay in STM BROWN PETERSON TASK Given three consonants like bmz and must remember after a certain amount of seconds count down by threes from 100 3s 9s 12s 18s Percentage who recalled consonants 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 Time in seconds between presentation of consonants and recall request no rehearsal allowed How Do Short Term Memory and Long Term Memory differ SHORT TERM MEM LONG TERM MEM Small in size 7 2 chunks Easy to enter Attend to item Last few attended items Are in STM Lots of entry paths Last 7 encountered items from Sensory memory Information from LTM Recycled STM info from STM Easy to find info there Large in size infinite Hard to enter must be attended to and rehearsed elaborated for Some time One entry path from STM only Hard to find info there How does information get from STM to LTM ENCODING We use control processes 1 Rehearsal conscious repetition effortful processing Rote rehearsal repetition Elaborative rehearsal focus on the meaning of what you re trying to remember 2 coding We use other encoding strategies 1 Levels of processing 2 Meaning 3 Imagery ENCODING LEVELS OF PROCESSING 1 We can analyze information in MANY different ways Examples More shallow Visual encoding in all capital letters Acoustic encoding rhymes with Semantic encoding fit in sentence meaning More Deep 2 The Deeper information is processed the better your memory for that information will be EX elaborative rehearsal leads to better memory than rote rehearsal ENCODING MEANING Meaning helps us to organize and better remember information ENCODING IMAGERY Information that can be imaged will be better remembered than information that can t be imaged Dual coding theory we can code imagable information two ways 1 Verbally and 2 visually LONG TERM MEMORY What is in it DECLARATIVE Semantic vs Episodic Memory Episodic Memory memories that contain specific past experiences or episodes Linked to specific places and times EX what did you eat for dinner last night What did I lecture about last Thursday Semantic Memory General knowledge Not related to a specific instance but rather a composite of several experiences Acquired over time EX what do we eat for dinner what does Psychology mean LONG TERM MEMORY What s in it Explicit memory vs Implicit memory Explicit memory Episodic Memory memories of specific episodes in life and Semantic Memory general knowledge Memory for information that you can consciously recall and declare Explicit memory contains your episodic and semantic memories EX learn a list of words recall that list of words Tell me about the move The Martian you saw Testing Explicit memory 1 Recall the ability to retrieve information not currently in awareness EX who was your 4th grade teacher Essay exams 2 Recognition The ability to identify information previously learned EX pick the picture of your 4th grade teacher Multiple choice exams Implicit memory What is implicit memory A person s behavior or judgment is influenced by past experience but is unaware of it Thought to be unconscious indirect memory Testing Implicit memory 1 Priming the influence a stimulus has on some measure of subsequent performance See election on list Recall the word explicit memory Complete stem with 1st word that comes to mind ele Those who saw election first will write it out others write elephant or element or elevator FORGETTING DECAY EBBINGHAUS STUDIES METHOD Learn list of 13 nonsense syllables bap keb riv o Until recall was perfect 2 times in a row Retest himself after delay from 20 minutes to 1 month and see how long it would take him to relearn the list to perfection Results EBBINGHAUS FORGETTING CURVE Percentage of list retained when relearning 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 12345 10 15 20 25 30 Time in days since learning list FORGETTING DECAY EBBINGHAUS STUDIES Ebbinghaus studies RESULTS Some forgetting always occurred Forgetting was non linear rapid at first then slows down dramatically EXPLANATION DECAY with the passage of time memories fade away FORGETTING RETRIEVAL FAILURE INTERFERENCE Interference We can t remember some things because other events get in the way interfere with our retrieving the specified memory EX can t remember dinner from a year ago because we ve experienced 365 dinners since then 2 Kinds of
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