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ReflexesPreferencesWHY?COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTWhat is a stage theory?How do children construct knowledge?Schemas – knowledge structureAttachment (Stranger anxiety)Lack ConservatismOUTLINE – Modules 36, 37, 38DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY1. Prenatal Development – read in text (Module 36)2. Newborns3. Infancy4. Childhood a. Cognitive Development – Piagetb.Social Development – Parenting Styles5. Adolescenta. Moral Development – KohlbergNEWBORNSReflexesInnate reactions to stimulation without any previous learning Rooting – touch a newborn’s cheek with your finger and they will turn and start sucking Blinking – flash lights or wave tour hand in your newborns eyes and they will blink Moro – hold an infant and drop him slightly and theywill reach with his hands and legs Grasping – put your finger in a newborn’s hand and she will grab it Stepping – holding your newborn upright, slightly off the floor and they will make walking movementso Won’t actually walk because they are not born with the muscle strength to hold themselves upPreferences Human voices Faces/face like images Mother’s sound Mother’s smellWHY? 1) needs food 2) needs comfort Evolution !NEWBORNSWhich figure do you think babies prefer (stare at longer)??The infant will look at the left picture because it looks more like a faceBabies like pictures that resemble the preference oftheir mother’s face/human faceINFANCY AND CHILDHOODCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTPIAGET’S Stage Theory of Cognitive DevelopmentBackground:What is a stage theory?1. Humans move through predictable stages2. They move form stage to stage at certain ages3. Order never changesBasic assumption:Children are active thinkers who try to construct more accurate/advanced understanding of the worldChildren are always taking in knowledge and trying to understand itHow do children construct knowledge?1) Assimilationo Schemas – knowledge structureEx. going to a restaurant and waiting for the hostess to seat you – you know you have to wait to be seated2) AccommodationEXAMPLE:A child has “cat schema”  4 legs, furry, small, animalSees a squirrel  Assimulation  calls it a “cat”Sees lots of squirrels  Accomodation  now schema for “squirrels” (bushy tails, etc.)PIAGET’S Stage Theory of Cognitive DevelopmentSTAGE 1: Sensorimotor StageWhen:Birth to 2 yearsWhat is it:- Stage where children learn relationships between actions and the real world (cause and effect)- Using all of their senses and motor activitiesThings that happen during this stage: Motor activities – manipulating objects with your hands, putting objects in your mouth Object permanence Ex. covering up a toy – children don’t understand that their toy did not disappear, it’s just not in sight Attachment (Stranger anxiety)PIAGET’S Stage Theory of Cognitive DevelopmentSTAGE 2: PreoperationalWhen:2 years to 7 yearsWhat is it:Stages where child acquires the ability to form mental images of objects and events and can represent the world with words (language develops)Things that happen during this stage: Symbolic playo Children can find enjoyment in playing with anything Ex. playing with a cardboard box Egocentrismo You see the world from your viewpoint, but not from the viewpoint of others – the inabilitythat you view the world differently than your peers Ex. girl giving her father a bright pink ball- The child would love to receive the pink ball but doesn’t understand that the father would not need it Lack Conservatism Can’t use logic yet or do mental operationso Children are concrete thinkersPIAGET’S Stage Theory of Cognitive DevelopmentRead in textbook….STAGE 3: Concrete OperationalWhen: Age 7-12STAGE 4: Formal OperationalWhen: Age 12 on…INFANCY AND CHILDHOODSocial DevelopmentATTACHMENTWhat is it?- A strong emotional bond infants develop with their caregivers- Develops very early in life- Strange Situation Testo The caregiver (mom) leaves baby/child alone with a stranger for several minutes and then returns to the room with the babyStyles of attachment1. Secure AttachmentChild - may cry when separated, but then explores new place. When mom returns, they go to herParent - knows when to support and when to let go2. Avoidant/Insecure AttachmentChild – doesn’t cry when left; acts like stranger is theparent; avoids mom on returnParent – cold, distant; kid not highest priority3. Ambivalent/insecureChild – seek mom when she leaves, but when she returns, fluctuates between seeking and rejecting momParent – inconsistent treatment of child. Hot/Cold4. Disorganized-disorientedChild – shows inconsistent and contradictory behaviors towards parentINFANCY AND CHILDHOODSocial DevelopmentLong term effects of attachment:1. Sociability2. Relationship stylesSecurely attached:- Comfortable in relationships- Depend on partner- Seek closeness- Don’t fear abandonmentAvoidant/Insecure:- Uncomfortable getting close to others- Trust issues- Won’t depend on partner- Feel partner is too clingyAmbivalent/insecure- Fears other are reluctant to get close- Worries that partner doesn’t love him/herINFANCY AND CHILDHOODSocial DevelopmentAnother factor in Attachment:Contact - comfort:For monkey babies, nourishment was not a factor for attachmentHarlow article- Monkey babies raised with surrogate mothers- 2 Surrogate mothers in cage: cloth vs. wire- Gp 1: cloth mother with milk and wire mother w/o milk- Gp 2: wire mother with milk and cloth mother w/o milk- Who did the monkeys prefer?Gp 1? The CLOTH motherGp 2? The CLOTH motherINFANCY AND CHILDHOODSocial DevelopmentPARENTING STYLES:1) Authoritarian - High demands/low responsiveness- Rule based parenting- Kid must obey or be punished- No explanation for punishment given2) Permissive - low demands/high responsiveness- Warm parenting style- No rules/kids do as they please- Never hold kids responsible for actions3) Authoritative - high demands/high responsiveness- Sets rules and enforces them but explains why rules exist- Discusses choice and consequences with kid4) Uninvolved – low demands/low responsiveness- Shows little, if any, interest in the children- Emotionally detached, neglectful- Provides food, clothing, and shelter, but that’s about itModern Parenting Style- Tiger Moms  like Authoritarian- Hippie Moms  like permissive- Helicopter Moms  new style of the 21st centuryADOLESCENCEIn a country in Europe, a poor man


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UMass Amherst PSYCH 100 - DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

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