Introduction to Psychology Exam 1 ReviewPsychological Research:Perspectives in PsychologyName the perspective in psychology that corresponds with each of the following scientific questions:1. How does information processing affect thought and behavior?Cognitive 2. How do our experiences and environment affect our behavior? behaviorism 3. How does the brain/biology affect behavior? Biological 4. How do unconscious conflicts/drives determine behavior?Psychodynamics 5. How much genes vs environment affect behavior?Evolutionary 6. How does behavior/ mental processes promote survival?Humanistic 7. How do behaviors and thinking vary across situation/ cultures?Sociocultural1. Hindsight Bias: After you know the outcome of an event you tend to believe that you would have predicted it2. Example of Overconfidence: When you think you know more than you actually do 3. Overconfidence: Fact/Falsehood questionnaire: predicted correct>actual correct 4. Example of Hindsight Bias: Sportscasters saying “of course we knew this would happen”after watching a game even though they did not know the outcome prior to the game Research Methods in Psychology1. What is a hypothesis? A testable question 2. Which of the following is NOT an example of descriptive research? a. Case studyb. Unobtrusive observationc. Participant observation d. Correlation researche. Survey research3. Which of the following is a weakness of both case studies and observational research? a. Limited generalizabilityb. Order of questionsc. Lacks external validity 4. The case of Phinneas Gage is an example of a(n) case study because researchers were examining one person in depth to understand human nature in general. 5. Two types of observational research are participant observation and unobtrusive observation.6. Unrepresentative samples, order of questions, and question wording are all examples of limitations to survey research. 7. What are the three types of correlation? Positive, negative, no correlation8. TRUE OR FALSE: Correlation can prove causation. False 9. The independent variable is the variable that is manipulated in an experiment while the dependent variable is the variable that changes as a result of the manipulation. 10. Which of the following is NOT a strength of experimental research? a. External validityb. Gain control over situationc. Can determine cause and effectStatisticsMatch each of the following terms with its definition.1. Mode a. From lowest to highest score2. Median b. Average score3. Range c. Most often reported4. Statistical significance d. Shows whether two groups are really different 5. Mean e. Middle scoreNeuroscience1. Dendrite: “in box,” Receives signals from sensory structures or other neurons 2. Cell body: basic cell functions 3. Axon: the “out box,” sends signals to other neurons or effector cell (muscles) 4. Myelin sheath: Fatty substance that encases the axons of some cells, increases speed of transmission 5. Axon terminals (buttons): Stores and eventually releases enzymes called neurotransmitters 6. Synapse: Small space between the axons of one cell and the dendrites of the next cell 7. Receptor cells: Locations on the dendrite of the next neuron; NT’s bind to receptor sites and the whole process begins anew Neuron CommunicationWhat is the resting state of neurons in mv?-70 mvWhen the dendrite is stimulated, positive ions flow into the cell until a threshold of how many mvis reached?-65 mvTrue or False: When the action potential is triggered, it is an all or nothing response.TrueAfter the wave moves down the axon, where does it reach?Terminal vesiclesWhere are the neurotransmitters released into?SynapseTrue or False: The neurotransmitter can excite the next neuron or inhibit the next neuron. TrueThe brief period when the neuron is unable to fire again is known as what?Refractory periodThe process where excess neurotransmitters are taken back for reuse in the axon of the neuronthat released them is known as what?ReuptakeNeurotransmittersAcetylcholine: movement, learning, memoryToo little: alzheimer's, dementiaEndorphins: “runners high”, chocolate, stress, athletes, i.e. cracking knuckles release endorphins Serotonin: mood, sleep, hunger, arousalToo little: depression Dopamine: movement, learning, attention, emotion Too much- schizophrenia Too little- parkinson's GABA: eating, sleeping Too little- anxiety disorders Drugs- Effects on NeurotransmittersFill in the blank for each of the following. Agonist: mimic the action of the neurotransmitter○ Binds at NT sites (receptor sites)○ Blocks reuptake of NT (leaving more)○ Counter acts enzymes that clean out synapse○ Example? xanax/valium (GABA) zoloft/prozac (Serotonin)Antagonists: block the action of NT○ Blocks Neurotransmitters sites○ Destroys Neurotransmitters (leaving less)○ Decreases effectiveness of Neurotransmitters○ Example? Haldol (Dopamine)What are the two divisions of the nervous system? Central and peripheral nervous systemWhat are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?Brain and spinal cord Types of Neurons1.Sensory Neurons A. (afferent), body to brain, specialized for different sensations2. Motor Neurons B. Does communication between motor and sensory neurons3. Interneurons C. (efferent), brain back to bodyWhat was phrenology?Trying to relate behavior to bumps on skull, shape of brain and skull does not always match, ex. John is not greedy but has a large bump on the “greed section” of the brain/skullNeuroimagingFill in the blank for each of the following. A CAT scan is a neuroimaging technique that takes an x-ray of the brain, and cannot actually show activity within the brain.An MRI bombards the brain with radio waves and active areas produce different magnetic fields than inactive areas.A PET scan is when a patient is Injected with radioactive glucose and active areas in the brain use the glucose and glowWhich lobe of the brain contains the motor cortex?Frontal lobeThe sensory cortex is in which lobe of the brain?Parietal lobe Which lobe is primarily involved in vision?Occipital lobe Which lobe of the brain is primarily involved in auditory, language, and memory
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