FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDEPSYCHOLOGY 100 – PROFESSOR RAHHALPSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERSHISTORY ON MENTAL ILLNESS- Middle Ageso Not thought of as an illness but rather Seen as witches Seen as prophets- 1700s – 1900s Europeo Recognized mental illness as a problemo Placed in hospitals Nothing like current facilities- Chains and restraintso Craziness, “insane asylum”o People would pay to go to these facilities and see these crazy people- 1790s Franceo Treatment more civilizedo Fresh air, relaxation Sort of like a modern day spa- Lots of rest and relaxation- 1800s – 1900s USAo Fresh air concept lives ono Encouraged rest/relaxation Spa-like facilities- Current world-viewo Diagnostic criteria to classify disorderso ResearchCLASSIFICATION OF DISORDERSDSM IV-TR – handbook with basic organization of disorders2 main clusters of disorder: AXIS I and AXIS IIAXIS I: Clinical Disorders - syndromes, usually come and go- Mood disorderso Bipolar, depression- Anxiety disorderso Panic attacks- Psychotic disorders- Dissociative disorders- Eating disorderso Anorexia, bulimiaAXIS II: Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation – pervasive, once you get it, it’s yours to keep- Personality disordersAXIS III: General Medical Conditions – physical disorders that may be related to psychological disordersAXIS IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems – problems in a person’s life such as stressors or life events that may affect the diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of psychological disordersAXIS V: Global Assessment of Functioning – overall level of mental, social, occupational, and leisure functioning*INTERESTED IN AXIS I AND II, BUT BE FAMILIAR WITH AXIS III, IV, AND V*DIAGNOSIS OF DISORDERS- Description of symptoms and behaviors- Must have certain number of symptoms = diagnosis (checklist of criteria)Problems:- Description are lacking/changing- Patients are not sure of many symptomsAXIS I DISORDERSMOOD DISORDERSMAJOR DEPRESSION- Must have many symptoms for at least 2 weeks- Must affect your ability to conduct your lifeSymptoms:- Depressed mood- Suicidal thoughtso Does not exactly think about killing themselves; think about death a lot- Tearfulness- Change in appetite: (more or less)- Change in weight: (more or less)- Lack of interest in normal activities- Change in sleep pattern: (more or less)- Low energy levelOther points:- This combination of symptoms is very unpleasanto Purposeless, underwater, jet lagged feelingsSuicide:- Women – 3 times more likely to tryo Women might go with overdosing, pills- Men – 2 times more successfulo Men use more effective ways of killing – guns or knivesDYSTHYMIA- Mildest form of depression- Still able to conduct life- Diagnosis: must have mild symptoms for at least 2 years!SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER (SAD)- Experience depression only during times of decreased lighto Wintertime in New Englando Prevalent in Alaska – long winter, little lighto Prevalent in Seattle – lots of cloudy daysTreatment:- Sit in front of UV lights for several hours/days- Melatonin – sleep hormoneo Helps treat sleep problemso Mostly used for those who are blind Since they cannot see light, they may have sleep problems such as sleeping during the day and being awake at nightBIPOLAR DISORDER (MANIC-DEPRESSION)Symptoms:- Racing thoughts- Pressured speech- Lack inhibitionso Promiscuityo Spending sprees, gamblingo Doing drugs, drinking alcohol- Feeling of omnipotence – unlimited power- Needs significantly less sleep- High energy – cannot sit stillUpside to mania:- Can get lots of work done; very creative timeDownside to mania:- Hard to manage; can lead to trouble with the law or potentially harm yourself or othersCAUSES OF MOOD DISORDERSDEPRESSIVE DISORDERSBiological Basis- Braino Lack of serotonino Treat with SSRI’s (Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil) – antidepressants- Genetic componento If relative has it, it increases odds of acquiring disorderEnvironmental Triggers- Stressful, emotional, and depressing feelings and events can trigger a depressive episodeo Stress at worko Loss of a loved oneo Failing a courseBIPOLAR DISORDERSBiological Basis- Braino Responds well to medication (but we do not know why) – lithium, depacote, neurotonin- Genetic componento VERY heritableANXIETY DISORDERSGeneral Symptoms:- Persistent – long lasting- Intensive – severe, extreme- Maladaptive behaviors to help reduce/inhibit itTypes of Anxiety Disorders:PHOBIAS – fear which interferes with one’s lifeSpecific Phobias- Fear is focused on some object, situation or behavior- Develops from:o A past evento Irrational – no causeEX: snakes, blood, dogs, heights, water, elevators, flyingSocial Phobias- Fear of humiliation or embarrassment in front of otherso Won’t attend social eventso Won’t speak out in classo Won’t talk to strangersAgoraphobia- Fear of being in a situation that makes you uncomfortable and you cannot escape o As a result, you never leave your homePANIC DISORDER- Has extreme attacks of anxiety coming from out of the blue- Anxiety attackso Severe sympathetic nervous system arousal Racing heart, sweaty palms, feel like you cannot breatho Last for a few moments – feels like foreverGENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER (GAD)- A continual overanxious stateo Worried, tense, concerned above and beyond what is appropriateo Arousal of SNS (at lower levels – break out in a sweat)OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD)Obsessions- Repetitive, disturbing thoughts or images that you cannot controlCompulsions- Repetitive behaviors or actions you do to try to alleviate the thoughtsCommon ones:- Concern with germs/diseases/cleanlinessEX: normal to wash hands once before eating NOT 40 times a day - Concern that something bad will happen if you don’t do repetitive ritualsEX: normal to check if you locked your door once NOT check it 10 times after you go to bed- Concern with exactnessEX: must chew each bite of food 17 times (not 16 or 18 times, must be 17 times)CAUSES OF ANXIETY DISORDERSDebatePsychological basis?Most people think that these disorders reflect some event that occurred which is internalized- Learning from classical conditioningo EX: your plane almost crashes, now seeing a plane elicits fear- Learning from observationo EX: you see a movie about a plane crash, now you fear flying because you think your plane will crashBiological basis?- Frontal lobes are active when in an anxious state- Anxiety disordered people are very responsive to the same drugs that treat
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