OUTLINE Modules 26 27 28 INTELLIGENCE 1 What is intelligence One characteristic Several characteristic 2 Can intelligence be measured How 3 How do we construct an intelligence test Standardization Reliability Validity 4 What are the extremes of intelligence Mental retardation Gifted genius 5 Is intelligence genetic or environmentally driven 6 Are there group differences in intelligence bias Race WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE Formal Definition An individual s ability to Understand complex ideas to adapt effectively to the environment to learn from experience to engage in various forms of reasoning to overcome obstacles by careful thought Practical Definition Intelligence is whatever intelligence tests measure usually school smarts Is Intelligence a single characteristic or several components Single characteristic view G Factor general factor mental abilities Points A primary intelligence factor that underlies all specific Found people who score high on one sub test of intelligence typically score high on all subtests Performance on all these tasks math verbal depends on this primary factor Is Intelligence a single characteristic or several components Several componentss 1 Gardner s theory of multiple intelligence People do not have one general intelligence but rather multiple intelligences Points Each is independent of others We need to assess understand all types of intelligence to get the big picture EX savant syndrome someone who s very good at a specific skill but not everything else Olympic athletes very high bodily intelligence Types of intelligence what career Linguistic poet Logic Math scientist Musical singer Bodily Athlete Spatial architect Interpersonal business Intrapersonal therapist Naturalist farmer Is Intelligence a single characteristic or several components Several Components 2 Sternberg s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Intelligence falls into 3 classes a Analytical intelligence ability to think critically analytically EX good students professors scientists b Creative intelligence insight ability to form new ideas EX inventors musicians c Practical intelligence street smarts solving everyday life problems EX business owners con artists Is Intelligence a single characteristic or several components Several components 3 Emotional intelligence vs Academic Intelligence Def A cluster of traits relating to the emotional side of life Our abilities to perceive understand and express emotions 1 Must know one s own emotions and how to manage Four components them 2 Must recognize emotions in others and respond 3 Must be able to handle relationships well 4 Must be able to motivate oneself optimistically MEASURING INTELLIGENCE History IQ Intelligence quotient Alfred Binet first person to measure intelligence Chronological age actual age Mental age average level of performance on an intelligence test for someone of a particular age IQ Mental age Chronological age X 100 Average score 100 EX 9 year old performing as a 9 year old 9 9 x 100 100 11 year old performing as a 9 year old 9 11 x 100 81 7 year old performing as a 9 year old 7 9 x 100 128 Problems 40 year old performing as a 20 year old 20 40 x 100 50 IQ Tests were mostly verbal MEASURING INTELLIGENCE Modern Measures 2 basic types Aptitude tests Used to predict future performance ability to learn WAIS WISC Achievement tests Used to measure what you have already learned Examples 1 Wechsler tests of intelligence Wechsler Adult Intelligence Score WAIS Wechsler Intelligence Score for Children WISC 2 General components measured by lots of subtests Verbal component Performance non verbal component Points You get two component scores and one overall score Differences between component scores can illuminate learning disabilities MEASURING INTELLIGENCE Examples cont 2 Millers Analogies Test Analogies measure ability to perceive relationships Potatoes are to peanuts as apples are to carrots lilies peaches tomatoes or cucumbers correct peaches Celsius is to 0 as Fahrenheit is to 100 0 32 212 112 correct 32 CREATIVITY AND INTELLIGENCE Famous people high in creativity have produced something NEW 5 Components of creativity 1 Expertise 2 Imaginative thinking skills 3 Venturesome personality 4 Intrinsic motivation 5 A creative environment CONSTRUCTING INTELLIGENCE TESTS For a test to be valid it must meet 3 crucial requirements 1 Standardization Give the test to a large group of people Look at the mean score and the distribution of scores o Normal Curve o Most scores in the middle of the distribution o Fewer scores at either extreme 2 Reliability The test must yield the same scores each time it is given to the same quantity o Split half reliability o Test retest reliability 3 Validity The test must measure what it claims to measure o Content validity Does the test contain questions that directly assess the relevant behavior o Predictive validity Can it predict what it is supposed to predict SAT scores THE EXTREMES OF INTELLIGENCE Mental retardation Low extreme intellectual functioning that is considerably below average AND Difficulty in meeting demands of everyday life About 1 of the population More males than females 4 Categories of Mental Retardation Mild IQ 55 69 6th grade level Can support oneself hold job Moderate 40 54 2nd grade level Can contribute to supporting oneself Severe 25 39 Can learn to speak Can NOT be trained for a job Profound 25 Requires constant supervision THE EXTREMES OF INTELLIGENCE Intellectually gifted High extreme o Person whose intelligence is far above average 130 or higher Notes These people tend to be very successful in school occupations socially and health wise But high intelligence is no guarantee for success And success comes to many people with IQs 130 Are you gifted MENSA www Mensa org indes htm o Group of people scoring in the top 2 of an int test Sample questions on MENSA test The day before 2 days after the day before tomorrow is Saturday What day is it today What is the following scrambled word NNREAIVARYS Sunday anniversary WHERE DOES INTELLIGENCE COME FROM NATURE VS NURTURE Nature Heredity Several lines of research support the view that genes play an important role in human intelligence o family relationship and measured IQ looks at family members and similar IQs the more DNA you share with someone the more similar your IQ will be o adopted children studies adopted children usually fall in the middle of biological and adoptive parents IQ when young but as they age their IQ shifts toward biological
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