CognitionCognition - Anything that involves the process of thinking, including memory and planning. Can be conscious or unconscious. Can be concrete or abstract. Can be intuitive or conceptual.MemoryMemory - Learning that has persisted over time, can allow you to restore and retrieve memories.Encoding - Experiencing and putting information into our memory. This is actually getting down and writing an essay. Storage - If you don’t hit the save button on your brain, the memory goes away, you have to store them to keep it.Retrieval - When you take a test on memory, you need to recall the memories being created. Allmemories depend on these.Connectionism - All of our memories come from interconnected neural networks, specific memories activate specific parts of the brain and we remember them better if they are connected to other things. Atkinson and Shiffrin - Said that memories are made up of many different parts.Sensory Memory - Extremely short term memory. Brief moments of sensory information.Short-Term Memory - If the memory is important, it becomes short-term memory. Also extremely brief, but limited. Most people can only hold between 5-9 items in a short term memory. Remembering definitions for a vocab test in english for a few minutes.Long-Term Memory - Essentially permanent and limitless. No one has ever filled up their long term memory.Flashbulb Memory - You have a powerful memory that is so overwhelming that is bypasses the normal encoding process, and automatically becomes long-term memory. Can be both good and bad memories, 9/11 and winning the lottery.Working Memory - What school is all about. Has transferred from short-term to long-term, but you are currently using and need access to. While using that information, you have a good idea about it, but when you stop using it you forget it. Falls more into short-term, but has some characteristics of long-term.EncodingParallel Processing - The brain processes both automatically and effortfully at the same time. You can process automatically without trying to think of them, and effortfully where you sit down studying for a test saying I need to remember this.Automatic Processing - Requires no effort to remember, time, space, frequency and well learned information. We process time somewhat automatically. Our brain automatically remembers where we are, like in cognitive mapping. Well learned information is when you park your car next to a Dunkin Donuts truck, even though you do not remember, you can find your car because the logo is so well learned you process it automatically. Through experience, well learned information can become better.Effortful Processing - Effortful processing can become automatic. Requires our own time and our attention.Rehearsal - Practice, conscious repetition. The more we rehearse something, the better we remember it. How long you rehearse depends on how much you remember.Spacing Effect - If you space out your rehearsal over a period of time, you will remember it better. Long term learning is not made from cram studying.Testing Effect - Repeated quizzing of previously learned information. Serial Position Effect - Where we have a list of items to remember, we have better memories of some of them as opposed to others. Memorizing things from a list can be difficult.Primacy Effect - The most memorable thing on the list is the first one.Recency Effect - The second most memorable thing on the list is the last one because you just dealt with it.Visual Encoding - We create a picture of what we are trying to remember. We remember images better than abstract concepts.Acoustic Encoding - We remember things based on sound.Semantic Encoding - Remembering meanings, the most effective form of encoding. Remembering something where it has some specific resonance to you. Creating something withmeaning to us.Self-Reference Encoding - If we can make things personal to us, by referencing ourselves. The adjectives people tend to remember are the ones that fit them to best. Will likely result in you remembering something better than if it didn’t relate to you.Imagery - Using images to remember things. Peg words are used to help us remember them. If you are trying to memorize a list of terms in order, you create a mental image for each one of those things. You create a mental image of “soup” involving the peg words. You would create a picture with that word you are trying to remember, if you have a picture of a hen and a postcard,the postcard is number 10. By creating images that rhyme with the order they are on the list, you remember them.Mnemonics - A technique that allows for easing the recollection of memory. PEMDAS, ROYGBIV are examples. Helps us encode the information, putting it into our brain, not storing or retrieving it.Chunks - Breaking information up into smaller, more usable units. Looking at a big number as groups of 4 digit numbers. We take what we are looking to memorize and break them into something more useful to us.Hierarchies - Organizing things from greater to smaller, or smaller to greater.Storing MemoryIconic - We store information in two different ways. Deals with our sense of sight, your brain hasencoded where something is on your notes, just not what it says. Encoding things using visual sense to remember one specific place. A momentary sensory memory of a visual stimuli.Echoic - Deals with hearing. We have a memory of things that we have heard. They have no time to store the information because they are being asked to do a math problem. They don’t rehearse the information.Long-Term Potentiation - We can only consciously process a very limited amount of information,but once it has become long term memory there is no limit to what we can store. The more we use memory, the better our neural pathways become. This is long-term potentiation. The physical process of how we make a memory. It is a neurological process, there are chemicals that can either inhibit or enhance our ability to make memories. Stress and MemoryFlashbulb Memory (Again!) - When you are stressed, it is very easy to make new memories. You also have trouble accessing your memories. Stress is connected to memories, because they are tied to our limbic system, therefore our emotions and stressed. When we are stressed we remember things more vividly and make them easier. We also have more difficulty pulling upmemories.Amnesia - The inability to form new memories. Amnesiacs can learn afterwards, they cannot remember things from
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